diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index 2816fac..b3a6a26 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -158,13 +158,13 @@
     - script: build/docker/run.sh
       env:
         - JOB="make dist"
-        - DISTRO=ubuntu-xenial
+        - DISTRO=ubuntu-artful
         - SCRIPT="make-dist.sh"
 
     - script: build/docker/run.sh
       env:
         - JOB="Debian Packages"
-        - DISTRO=ubuntu-xenial
+        - DISTRO=ubuntu-artful
         - SCRIPT="dpkg.sh"
 
   ### ------------------------- phase: osx -------------------------
diff --git a/build/docker/ubuntu-artful/Dockerfile b/build/docker/ubuntu-artful/Dockerfile
index 78d9761..d712bec 100644
--- a/build/docker/ubuntu-artful/Dockerfile
+++ b/build/docker/ubuntu-artful/Dockerfile
@@ -240,7 +240,6 @@
       ruby \
       ruby-dev \
       ruby-bundler
-RUN gem install bundler --no-ri --no-rdoc
 
 RUN apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
 `# Rust dependencies` \
diff --git a/build/docker/ubuntu-xenial/Dockerfile b/build/docker/ubuntu-xenial/Dockerfile
index ec2c849..760c501 100644
--- a/build/docker/ubuntu-xenial/Dockerfile
+++ b/build/docker/ubuntu-xenial/Dockerfile
@@ -239,7 +239,6 @@
       ruby \
       ruby-dev \
       ruby-bundler
-RUN gem install bundler --no-ri --no-rdoc
 
 RUN apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
 `# Rust dependencies` \
diff --git a/debian/control b/debian/control
index 218d217..cb8a376 100644
--- a/debian/control
+++ b/debian/control
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
 Priority: extra
 Build-Depends: debhelper (>= 9), build-essential, mono-mcs, python-dev, ant,
     mono-devel,  libmono-system-web4.0-cil, erlang-base, ruby-dev | ruby1.9.1-dev, ruby-bundler ,autoconf, automake,
-    pkg-config, libtool, bison, flex, libboost-dev | libboost1.53-dev,
+    pkg-config, libtool, bison, flex, libboost-dev | libboost1.53-dev | libboost1.63-all-dev,
     python-all, python-setuptools, python-all-dev, python-all-dbg,
     python3-all, python3-setuptools, python3-all-dev, python3-all-dbg,
     openjdk-7-jdk | openjdk-8-jdk | default-jdk,
-    libboost-test-dev | libboost-test1.53-dev, libevent-dev, libssl-dev, perl (>= 5.8.0-7),
-    php5 | php7.0, php5-dev | php7.0-dev, libglib2.0-dev, qtchooser, qtbase5-dev-tools
+    libboost-test-dev | libboost-test1.53-dev | libboost-test1.63-dev, libevent-dev, libssl-dev, perl (>= 5.8.0-7),
+    php (>= 5), php-dev (>= 5), libglib2.0-dev, qtchooser, qtbase5-dev-tools
 Maintainer: Thrift Developer's <dev@thrift.apache.org>
 Homepage: http://thrift.apache.org/
 Vcs-Git: https://git-wip-us.apache.org/repos/asf/thrift.git
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/base_protocol_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/base_protocol_spec.rb
index d31e811..eca936b 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/base_protocol_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/base_protocol_spec.rb
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 describe 'BaseProtocol' do
 
   before(:each) do
-    @trans = mock("MockTransport")
+    @trans = double("MockTransport")
     @prot = Thrift::BaseProtocol.new(@trans)
   end
 
@@ -30,38 +30,38 @@
     # most of the methods are stubs, so we can ignore them
 
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      @trans.should_receive(:to_s).once.and_return("trans")
-      @prot.to_s.should == "trans"
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:to_s).once.and_return("trans")
+      expect(@prot.to_s).to eq("trans")
     end
 
     it "should make trans accessible" do
-      @prot.trans.should eql(@trans)
+      expect(@prot.trans).to eql(@trans)
     end
 
     it 'should write out a field nicely (deprecated write_field signature)' do
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_field_begin).with('field', 'type', 'fid').ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_type).with({:name => 'field', :type => 'type'}, 'value').ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_field_end).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_field_begin).with('field', 'type', 'fid').ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_type).with({:name => 'field', :type => 'type'}, 'value').ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_field_end).ordered
       @prot.write_field('field', 'type', 'fid', 'value')
     end
 
     it 'should write out a field nicely' do
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_field_begin).with('field', 'type', 'fid').ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_type).with({:name => 'field', :type => 'type', :binary => false}, 'value').ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_field_end).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_field_begin).with('field', 'type', 'fid').ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_type).with({:name => 'field', :type => 'type', :binary => false}, 'value').ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_field_end).ordered
       @prot.write_field({:name => 'field', :type => 'type', :binary => false}, 'fid', 'value')
     end
 
     it 'should write out the different types (deprecated write_type signature)' do
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_bool).with('bool').ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_byte).with('byte').ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_double).with('double').ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_i16).with('i16').ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_i32).with('i32').ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_i64).with('i64').ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_string).with('string').ordered
-      struct = mock('Struct')
-      struct.should_receive(:write).with(@prot).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_bool).with('bool').ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_byte).with('byte').ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_double).with('double').ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_i16).with('i16').ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_i32).with('i32').ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_i64).with('i64').ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_string).with('string').ordered
+      struct = double('Struct')
+      expect(struct).to receive(:write).with(@prot).ordered
       @prot.write_type(Thrift::Types::BOOL, 'bool')
       @prot.write_type(Thrift::Types::BYTE, 'byte')
       @prot.write_type(Thrift::Types::DOUBLE, 'double')
@@ -77,16 +77,16 @@
     end
 
     it 'should write out the different types' do
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_bool).with('bool').ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_byte).with('byte').ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_double).with('double').ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_i16).with('i16').ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_i32).with('i32').ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_i64).with('i64').ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_string).with('string').ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_binary).with('binary').ordered
-      struct = mock('Struct')
-      struct.should_receive(:write).with(@prot).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_bool).with('bool').ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_byte).with('byte').ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_double).with('double').ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_i16).with('i16').ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_i32).with('i32').ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_i64).with('i64').ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_string).with('string').ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_binary).with('binary').ordered
+      struct = double('Struct')
+      expect(struct).to receive(:write).with(@prot).ordered
       @prot.write_type({:type => Thrift::Types::BOOL}, 'bool')
       @prot.write_type({:type => Thrift::Types::BYTE}, 'byte')
       @prot.write_type({:type => Thrift::Types::DOUBLE}, 'double')
@@ -103,13 +103,13 @@
     end
 
     it 'should read the different types (deprecated read_type signature)' do
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_bool).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_byte).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_i16).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_i32).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_i64).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_double).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_string).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_bool).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_byte).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_i16).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_i32).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_i64).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_double).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_string).ordered
       @prot.read_type(Thrift::Types::BOOL)
       @prot.read_type(Thrift::Types::BYTE)
       @prot.read_type(Thrift::Types::I16)
@@ -125,14 +125,14 @@
     end
 
     it 'should read the different types' do
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_bool).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_byte).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_i16).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_i32).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_i64).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_double).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_string).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_binary).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_bool).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_byte).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_i16).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_i32).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_i64).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_double).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_string).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_binary).ordered
       @prot.read_type({:type => Thrift::Types::BOOL})
       @prot.read_type({:type => Thrift::Types::BYTE})
       @prot.read_type({:type => Thrift::Types::I16})
@@ -149,13 +149,13 @@
     end
 
     it "should skip the basic types" do
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_bool).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_byte).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_i16).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_i32).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_i64).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_double).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_string).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_bool).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_byte).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_i16).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_i32).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_i64).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_double).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_string).ordered
       @prot.skip(Thrift::Types::BOOL)
       @prot.skip(Thrift::Types::BYTE)
       @prot.skip(Thrift::Types::I16)
@@ -168,47 +168,47 @@
 
     it "should skip structs" do
       real_skip = @prot.method(:skip)
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_struct_begin).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_field_begin).exactly(4).times.and_return(
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_struct_begin).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_field_begin).exactly(4).times.and_return(
         ['field 1', Thrift::Types::STRING, 1],
         ['field 2', Thrift::Types::I32, 2],
         ['field 3', Thrift::Types::MAP, 3],
         [nil, Thrift::Types::STOP, 0]
       )
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_field_end).exactly(3).times
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_string).exactly(3).times
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_i32).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_map_begin).ordered.and_return([Thrift::Types::STRING, Thrift::Types::STRING, 1])
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_field_end).exactly(3).times
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_string).exactly(3).times
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_i32).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_map_begin).ordered.and_return([Thrift::Types::STRING, Thrift::Types::STRING, 1])
       # @prot.should_receive(:read_string).exactly(2).times
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_map_end).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_struct_end).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_map_end).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_struct_end).ordered
       real_skip.call(Thrift::Types::STRUCT)
     end
 
     it "should skip maps" do
       real_skip = @prot.method(:skip)
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_map_begin).ordered.and_return([Thrift::Types::STRING, Thrift::Types::STRUCT, 1])
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_string).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_struct_begin).ordered.and_return(["some_struct"])
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_field_begin).ordered.and_return([nil, Thrift::Types::STOP, nil]);
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_struct_end).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_map_end).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_map_begin).ordered.and_return([Thrift::Types::STRING, Thrift::Types::STRUCT, 1])
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_string).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_struct_begin).ordered.and_return(["some_struct"])
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_field_begin).ordered.and_return([nil, Thrift::Types::STOP, nil]);
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_struct_end).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_map_end).ordered
       real_skip.call(Thrift::Types::MAP)
     end
 
     it "should skip sets" do
       real_skip = @prot.method(:skip)
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_set_begin).ordered.and_return([Thrift::Types::I64, 9])
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_i64).ordered.exactly(9).times
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_set_end)
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_set_begin).ordered.and_return([Thrift::Types::I64, 9])
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_i64).ordered.exactly(9).times
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_set_end)
       real_skip.call(Thrift::Types::SET)
     end
 
     it "should skip lists" do
       real_skip = @prot.method(:skip)
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_list_begin).ordered.and_return([Thrift::Types::DOUBLE, 11])
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_double).ordered.exactly(11).times
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_list_end)
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_list_begin).ordered.and_return([Thrift::Types::DOUBLE, 11])
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_double).ordered.exactly(11).times
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_list_end)
       real_skip.call(Thrift::Types::LIST)
     end
   end
@@ -216,11 +216,11 @@
   describe Thrift::BaseProtocolFactory do
     it "should raise NotImplementedError" do
       # returning nil since Protocol is just an abstract class
-      lambda {Thrift::BaseProtocolFactory.new.get_protocol(mock("MockTransport"))}.should raise_error(NotImplementedError)
+      expect {Thrift::BaseProtocolFactory.new.get_protocol(double("MockTransport"))}.to raise_error(NotImplementedError)
     end
 
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      Thrift::BaseProtocolFactory.new.to_s.should == "base"
+      expect(Thrift::BaseProtocolFactory.new.to_s).to eq("base")
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/base_transport_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/base_transport_spec.rb
index 0a05df2..d2f60aa 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/base_transport_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/base_transport_spec.rb
@@ -24,119 +24,119 @@
   describe Thrift::TransportException do
     it "should make type accessible" do
       exc = Thrift::TransportException.new(Thrift::TransportException::ALREADY_OPEN, "msg")
-      exc.type.should == Thrift::TransportException::ALREADY_OPEN
-      exc.message.should == "msg"
+      expect(exc.type).to eq(Thrift::TransportException::ALREADY_OPEN)
+      expect(exc.message).to eq("msg")
     end
   end
 
   describe Thrift::BaseTransport do
     it "should read the specified size" do
       transport = Thrift::BaseTransport.new
-      transport.should_receive(:read).with(40).ordered.and_return("10 letters")
-      transport.should_receive(:read).with(30).ordered.and_return("fifteen letters")
-      transport.should_receive(:read).with(15).ordered.and_return("more characters")
-      transport.read_all(40).should == "10 lettersfifteen lettersmore characters"
+      expect(transport).to receive(:read).with(40).ordered.and_return("10 letters")
+      expect(transport).to receive(:read).with(30).ordered.and_return("fifteen letters")
+      expect(transport).to receive(:read).with(15).ordered.and_return("more characters")
+      expect(transport.read_all(40)).to eq("10 lettersfifteen lettersmore characters")
     end
 
     it "should stub out the rest of the methods" do
       # can't test for stubbiness, so just make sure they're defined
       [:open?, :open, :close, :read, :write, :flush].each do |sym|
-        Thrift::BaseTransport.method_defined?(sym).should be_true
+        expect(Thrift::BaseTransport.method_defined?(sym)).to be_truthy
       end
     end
 
     it "should alias << to write" do
-      Thrift::BaseTransport.instance_method(:<<).should == Thrift::BaseTransport.instance_method(:write)
+      expect(Thrift::BaseTransport.instance_method(:<<)).to eq(Thrift::BaseTransport.instance_method(:write))
     end
     
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      Thrift::BaseTransport.new.to_s.should == "base"
+      expect(Thrift::BaseTransport.new.to_s).to eq("base")
     end
   end
 
   describe Thrift::BaseServerTransport do
     it "should stub out its methods" do
       [:listen, :accept, :close].each do |sym|
-        Thrift::BaseServerTransport.method_defined?(sym).should be_true
+        expect(Thrift::BaseServerTransport.method_defined?(sym)).to be_truthy
       end
     end
   end
 
   describe Thrift::BaseTransportFactory do
     it "should return the transport it's given" do
-      transport = mock("Transport")
-      Thrift::BaseTransportFactory.new.get_transport(transport).should eql(transport)
+      transport = double("Transport")
+      expect(Thrift::BaseTransportFactory.new.get_transport(transport)).to eql(transport)
     end
     
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      Thrift::BaseTransportFactory.new.to_s.should == "base"
+      expect(Thrift::BaseTransportFactory.new.to_s).to eq("base")
     end
   end
 
   describe Thrift::BufferedTransport do
     it "should provide a to_s that describes the encapsulation" do
-      trans = mock("Transport")
-      trans.should_receive(:to_s).and_return("mock")
-      Thrift::BufferedTransport.new(trans).to_s.should == "buffered(mock)"
+      trans = double("Transport")
+      expect(trans).to receive(:to_s).and_return("mock")
+      expect(Thrift::BufferedTransport.new(trans).to_s).to eq("buffered(mock)")
     end
 
     it "should pass through everything but write/flush/read" do
-      trans = mock("Transport")
-      trans.should_receive(:open?).ordered.and_return("+ open?")
-      trans.should_receive(:open).ordered.and_return("+ open")
-      trans.should_receive(:flush).ordered # from the close
-      trans.should_receive(:close).ordered.and_return("+ close")
+      trans = double("Transport")
+      expect(trans).to receive(:open?).ordered.and_return("+ open?")
+      expect(trans).to receive(:open).ordered.and_return("+ open")
+      expect(trans).to receive(:flush).ordered # from the close
+      expect(trans).to receive(:close).ordered.and_return("+ close")
       btrans = Thrift::BufferedTransport.new(trans)
-      btrans.open?.should == "+ open?"
-      btrans.open.should == "+ open"
-      btrans.close.should == "+ close"
+      expect(btrans.open?).to eq("+ open?")
+      expect(btrans.open).to eq("+ open")
+      expect(btrans.close).to eq("+ close")
     end
 
     it "should buffer reads in chunks of #{Thrift::BufferedTransport::DEFAULT_BUFFER}" do
-      trans = mock("Transport")
-      trans.should_receive(:read).with(Thrift::BufferedTransport::DEFAULT_BUFFER).and_return("lorum ipsum dolor emet")
+      trans = double("Transport")
+      expect(trans).to receive(:read).with(Thrift::BufferedTransport::DEFAULT_BUFFER).and_return("lorum ipsum dolor emet")
       btrans = Thrift::BufferedTransport.new(trans)
-      btrans.read(6).should == "lorum "
-      btrans.read(6).should == "ipsum "
-      btrans.read(6).should == "dolor "
-      btrans.read(6).should == "emet"
+      expect(btrans.read(6)).to eq("lorum ")
+      expect(btrans.read(6)).to eq("ipsum ")
+      expect(btrans.read(6)).to eq("dolor ")
+      expect(btrans.read(6)).to eq("emet")
     end
 
     it "should buffer writes and send them on flush" do
-      trans = mock("Transport")
+      trans = double("Transport")
       btrans = Thrift::BufferedTransport.new(trans)
       btrans.write("one/")
       btrans.write("two/")
       btrans.write("three/")
-      trans.should_receive(:write).with("one/two/three/").ordered
-      trans.should_receive(:flush).ordered
+      expect(trans).to receive(:write).with("one/two/three/").ordered
+      expect(trans).to receive(:flush).ordered
       btrans.flush
     end
 
     it "should only send buffered data once" do
-      trans = mock("Transport")
+      trans = double("Transport")
       btrans = Thrift::BufferedTransport.new(trans)
       btrans.write("one/")
       btrans.write("two/")
       btrans.write("three/")
-      trans.should_receive(:write).with("one/two/three/")
-      trans.stub!(:flush)
+      expect(trans).to receive(:write).with("one/two/three/")
+      allow(trans).to receive(:flush)
       btrans.flush
       # Nothing to flush with no data
       btrans.flush
     end
 
     it "should flush on close" do
-      trans = mock("Transport")
-      trans.should_receive(:close)
+      trans = double("Transport")
+      expect(trans).to receive(:close)
       btrans = Thrift::BufferedTransport.new(trans)
-      btrans.should_receive(:flush)
+      expect(btrans).to receive(:flush)
       btrans.close
     end
 
     it "should not write to socket if there's no data" do
-      trans = mock("Transport")
-      trans.should_receive(:flush)
+      trans = double("Transport")
+      expect(trans).to receive(:flush)
       btrans = Thrift::BufferedTransport.new(trans)
       btrans.flush
     end
@@ -144,90 +144,90 @@
 
   describe Thrift::BufferedTransportFactory do
     it "should wrap the given transport in a BufferedTransport" do
-      trans = mock("Transport")
-      btrans = mock("BufferedTransport")
-      Thrift::BufferedTransport.should_receive(:new).with(trans).and_return(btrans)
-      Thrift::BufferedTransportFactory.new.get_transport(trans).should == btrans
+      trans = double("Transport")
+      btrans = double("BufferedTransport")
+      expect(Thrift::BufferedTransport).to receive(:new).with(trans).and_return(btrans)
+      expect(Thrift::BufferedTransportFactory.new.get_transport(trans)).to eq(btrans)
     end
     
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      Thrift::BufferedTransportFactory.new.to_s.should == "buffered"
+      expect(Thrift::BufferedTransportFactory.new.to_s).to eq("buffered")
     end
   end
 
   describe Thrift::FramedTransport do
     before(:each) do
-      @trans = mock("Transport")
+      @trans = double("Transport")
     end
 
     it "should provide a to_s that describes the encapsulation" do
-      trans = mock("Transport")
-      trans.should_receive(:to_s).and_return("mock")
-      Thrift::FramedTransport.new(trans).to_s.should == "framed(mock)"
+      trans = double("Transport")
+      expect(trans).to receive(:to_s).and_return("mock")
+      expect(Thrift::FramedTransport.new(trans).to_s).to eq("framed(mock)")
     end
 
     it "should pass through open?/open/close" do
       ftrans = Thrift::FramedTransport.new(@trans)
-      @trans.should_receive(:open?).ordered.and_return("+ open?")
-      @trans.should_receive(:open).ordered.and_return("+ open")
-      @trans.should_receive(:close).ordered.and_return("+ close")
-      ftrans.open?.should == "+ open?"
-      ftrans.open.should == "+ open"
-      ftrans.close.should == "+ close"
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:open?).ordered.and_return("+ open?")
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:open).ordered.and_return("+ open")
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:close).ordered.and_return("+ close")
+      expect(ftrans.open?).to eq("+ open?")
+      expect(ftrans.open).to eq("+ open")
+      expect(ftrans.close).to eq("+ close")
     end
 
     it "should pass through read when read is turned off" do
       ftrans = Thrift::FramedTransport.new(@trans, false, true)
-      @trans.should_receive(:read).with(17).ordered.and_return("+ read")
-      ftrans.read(17).should == "+ read"
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:read).with(17).ordered.and_return("+ read")
+      expect(ftrans.read(17)).to eq("+ read")
     end
 
     it "should pass through write/flush when write is turned off" do
       ftrans = Thrift::FramedTransport.new(@trans, true, false)
-      @trans.should_receive(:write).with("foo").ordered.and_return("+ write")
-      @trans.should_receive(:flush).ordered.and_return("+ flush")
-      ftrans.write("foo").should == "+ write"
-      ftrans.flush.should == "+ flush"
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:write).with("foo").ordered.and_return("+ write")
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:flush).ordered.and_return("+ flush")
+      expect(ftrans.write("foo")).to eq("+ write")
+      expect(ftrans.flush).to eq("+ flush")
     end
 
     it "should return a full frame if asked for >= the frame's length" do
       frame = "this is a frame"
-      @trans.should_receive(:read_all).with(4).and_return("\000\000\000\017")
-      @trans.should_receive(:read_all).with(frame.length).and_return(frame)
-      Thrift::FramedTransport.new(@trans).read(frame.length + 10).should == frame
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:read_all).with(4).and_return("\000\000\000\017")
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:read_all).with(frame.length).and_return(frame)
+      expect(Thrift::FramedTransport.new(@trans).read(frame.length + 10)).to eq(frame)
     end
 
     it "should return slices of the frame when asked for < the frame's length" do
       frame = "this is a frame"
-      @trans.should_receive(:read_all).with(4).and_return("\000\000\000\017")
-      @trans.should_receive(:read_all).with(frame.length).and_return(frame)
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:read_all).with(4).and_return("\000\000\000\017")
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:read_all).with(frame.length).and_return(frame)
       ftrans = Thrift::FramedTransport.new(@trans)
-      ftrans.read(4).should == "this"
-      ftrans.read(4).should == " is "
-      ftrans.read(16).should == "a frame"
+      expect(ftrans.read(4)).to eq("this")
+      expect(ftrans.read(4)).to eq(" is ")
+      expect(ftrans.read(16)).to eq("a frame")
     end
 
     it "should return nothing if asked for <= 0" do
-      Thrift::FramedTransport.new(@trans).read(-2).should == ""
+      expect(Thrift::FramedTransport.new(@trans).read(-2)).to eq("")
     end
 
     it "should pull a new frame when the first is exhausted" do
       frame = "this is a frame"
       frame2 = "yet another frame"
-      @trans.should_receive(:read_all).with(4).and_return("\000\000\000\017", "\000\000\000\021")
-      @trans.should_receive(:read_all).with(frame.length).and_return(frame)
-      @trans.should_receive(:read_all).with(frame2.length).and_return(frame2)
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:read_all).with(4).and_return("\000\000\000\017", "\000\000\000\021")
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:read_all).with(frame.length).and_return(frame)
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:read_all).with(frame2.length).and_return(frame2)
       ftrans = Thrift::FramedTransport.new(@trans)
-      ftrans.read(4).should == "this"
-      ftrans.read(8).should == " is a fr"
-      ftrans.read(6).should == "ame"
-      ftrans.read(4).should == "yet "
-      ftrans.read(16).should == "another frame"
+      expect(ftrans.read(4)).to eq("this")
+      expect(ftrans.read(8)).to eq(" is a fr")
+      expect(ftrans.read(6)).to eq("ame")
+      expect(ftrans.read(4)).to eq("yet ")
+      expect(ftrans.read(16)).to eq("another frame")
     end
 
     it "should buffer writes" do
       ftrans = Thrift::FramedTransport.new(@trans)
-      @trans.should_not_receive(:write)
+      expect(@trans).not_to receive(:write)
       ftrans.write("foo")
       ftrans.write("bar")
       ftrans.write("this is a frame")
@@ -237,15 +237,15 @@
       ftrans = Thrift::FramedTransport.new(@trans)
       ftrans.write("foobar", 3)
       ftrans.write("barfoo", 1)
-      @trans.stub!(:flush)
-      @trans.should_receive(:write).with("\000\000\000\004foob")
+      allow(@trans).to receive(:flush)
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:write).with("\000\000\000\004foob")
       ftrans.flush
     end
 
     it "should flush frames with a 4-byte header" do
       ftrans = Thrift::FramedTransport.new(@trans)
-      @trans.should_receive(:write).with("\000\000\000\035one/two/three/this is a frame").ordered
-      @trans.should_receive(:flush).ordered
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:write).with("\000\000\000\035one/two/three/this is a frame").ordered
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:flush).ordered
       ftrans.write("one/")
       ftrans.write("two/")
       ftrans.write("three/")
@@ -255,25 +255,25 @@
 
     it "should not flush the same buffered data twice" do
       ftrans = Thrift::FramedTransport.new(@trans)
-      @trans.should_receive(:write).with("\000\000\000\007foo/bar")
-      @trans.stub!(:flush)
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:write).with("\000\000\000\007foo/bar")
+      allow(@trans).to receive(:flush)
       ftrans.write("foo")
       ftrans.write("/bar")
       ftrans.flush
-      @trans.should_receive(:write).with("\000\000\000\000")
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:write).with("\000\000\000\000")
       ftrans.flush
     end
   end
 
   describe Thrift::FramedTransportFactory do
     it "should wrap the given transport in a FramedTransport" do
-      trans = mock("Transport")
-      Thrift::FramedTransport.should_receive(:new).with(trans)
+      trans = double("Transport")
+      expect(Thrift::FramedTransport).to receive(:new).with(trans)
       Thrift::FramedTransportFactory.new.get_transport(trans)
     end
     
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      Thrift::FramedTransportFactory.new.to_s.should == "framed"
+      expect(Thrift::FramedTransportFactory.new.to_s).to eq("framed")
     end
   end
 
@@ -283,105 +283,105 @@
     end
 
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      @buffer.to_s.should == "memory"
+      expect(@buffer.to_s).to eq("memory")
     end
 
     it "should accept a buffer on input and use it directly" do
       s = "this is a test"
       @buffer = Thrift::MemoryBufferTransport.new(s)
-      @buffer.read(4).should == "this"
+      expect(@buffer.read(4)).to eq("this")
       s.slice!(-4..-1)
-      @buffer.read(@buffer.available).should == " is a "
+      expect(@buffer.read(@buffer.available)).to eq(" is a ")
     end
 
     it "should always remain open" do
-      @buffer.should be_open
+      expect(@buffer).to be_open
       @buffer.close
-      @buffer.should be_open
+      expect(@buffer).to be_open
     end
 
     it "should respond to peek and available" do
       @buffer.write "some data"
-      @buffer.peek.should be_true
-      @buffer.available.should == 9
+      expect(@buffer.peek).to be_truthy
+      expect(@buffer.available).to eq(9)
       @buffer.read(4)
-      @buffer.peek.should be_true
-      @buffer.available.should == 5
+      expect(@buffer.peek).to be_truthy
+      expect(@buffer.available).to eq(5)
       @buffer.read(5)
-      @buffer.peek.should be_false
-      @buffer.available.should == 0
+      expect(@buffer.peek).to be_falsey
+      expect(@buffer.available).to eq(0)
     end
 
     it "should be able to reset the buffer" do
       @buffer.write "test data"
       @buffer.reset_buffer("foobar")
-      @buffer.available.should == 6
-      @buffer.read(@buffer.available).should == "foobar"
+      expect(@buffer.available).to eq(6)
+      expect(@buffer.read(@buffer.available)).to eq("foobar")
       @buffer.reset_buffer
-      @buffer.available.should == 0
+      expect(@buffer.available).to eq(0)
     end
 
     it "should copy the given string when resetting the buffer" do
       s = "this is a test"
       @buffer.reset_buffer(s)
-      @buffer.available.should == 14
+      expect(@buffer.available).to eq(14)
       @buffer.read(10)
-      @buffer.available.should == 4
-      s.should == "this is a test"
+      expect(@buffer.available).to eq(4)
+      expect(s).to eq("this is a test")
     end
 
     it "should return from read what was given in write" do
       @buffer.write "test data"
-      @buffer.read(4).should == "test"
-      @buffer.read(@buffer.available).should == " data"
+      expect(@buffer.read(4)).to eq("test")
+      expect(@buffer.read(@buffer.available)).to eq(" data")
       @buffer.write "foo"
       @buffer.write " bar"
-      @buffer.read(@buffer.available).should == "foo bar"
+      expect(@buffer.read(@buffer.available)).to eq("foo bar")
     end
 
     it "should throw an EOFError when there isn't enough data in the buffer" do
       @buffer.reset_buffer("")
-      lambda{@buffer.read(1)}.should raise_error(EOFError)
+      expect{@buffer.read(1)}.to raise_error(EOFError)
 
       @buffer.reset_buffer("1234")
-      lambda{@buffer.read(5)}.should raise_error(EOFError)
+      expect{@buffer.read(5)}.to raise_error(EOFError)
     end
   end
 
   describe Thrift::IOStreamTransport do
     before(:each) do
-      @input = mock("Input", :closed? => false)
-      @output = mock("Output", :closed? => false)
+      @input = double("Input", :closed? => false)
+      @output = double("Output", :closed? => false)
       @trans = Thrift::IOStreamTransport.new(@input, @output)
     end
 
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      @input.should_receive(:to_s).and_return("mock_input")
-      @output.should_receive(:to_s).and_return("mock_output")
-      @trans.to_s.should == "iostream(input=mock_input,output=mock_output)"
+      expect(@input).to receive(:to_s).and_return("mock_input")
+      expect(@output).to receive(:to_s).and_return("mock_output")
+      expect(@trans.to_s).to eq("iostream(input=mock_input,output=mock_output)")
     end
 
     it "should be open as long as both input or output are open" do
-      @trans.should be_open
-      @input.stub!(:closed?).and_return(true)
-      @trans.should be_open
-      @input.stub!(:closed?).and_return(false)
-      @output.stub!(:closed?).and_return(true)
-      @trans.should be_open
-      @input.stub!(:closed?).and_return(true)
-      @trans.should_not be_open
+      expect(@trans).to be_open
+      allow(@input).to receive(:closed?).and_return(true)
+      expect(@trans).to be_open
+      allow(@input).to receive(:closed?).and_return(false)
+      allow(@output).to receive(:closed?).and_return(true)
+      expect(@trans).to be_open
+      allow(@input).to receive(:closed?).and_return(true)
+      expect(@trans).not_to be_open
     end
 
     it "should pass through read/write to input/output" do
-      @input.should_receive(:read).with(17).and_return("+ read")
-      @output.should_receive(:write).with("foobar").and_return("+ write")
-      @trans.read(17).should == "+ read"
-      @trans.write("foobar").should == "+ write"
+      expect(@input).to receive(:read).with(17).and_return("+ read")
+      expect(@output).to receive(:write).with("foobar").and_return("+ write")
+      expect(@trans.read(17)).to eq("+ read")
+      expect(@trans.write("foobar")).to eq("+ write")
     end
 
     it "should close both input and output when closed" do
-      @input.should_receive(:close)
-      @output.should_receive(:close)
+      expect(@input).to receive(:close)
+      expect(@output).to receive(:close)
       @trans.close
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/binary_protocol_accelerated_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/binary_protocol_accelerated_spec.rb
index d49404a..b2cd04b 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/binary_protocol_accelerated_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/binary_protocol_accelerated_spec.rb
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@
 
     describe Thrift::BinaryProtocolAcceleratedFactory do
       it "should create a BinaryProtocolAccelerated" do
-        Thrift::BinaryProtocolAcceleratedFactory.new.get_protocol(mock("MockTransport")).should be_instance_of(Thrift::BinaryProtocolAccelerated)
+        expect(Thrift::BinaryProtocolAcceleratedFactory.new.get_protocol(double("MockTransport"))).to be_instance_of(Thrift::BinaryProtocolAccelerated)
       end
 
       it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-        Thrift::BinaryProtocolAcceleratedFactory.new.to_s.should == "binary-accel"
+        expect(Thrift::BinaryProtocolAcceleratedFactory.new.to_s).to eq("binary-accel")
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/binary_protocol_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/binary_protocol_spec.rb
index cccfc48..065f5ce 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/binary_protocol_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/binary_protocol_spec.rb
@@ -38,37 +38,37 @@
     it "should read a message header" do
       @trans.write([protocol_class.const_get(:VERSION_1) | Thrift::MessageTypes::REPLY].pack('N'))
       @trans.write([42].pack('N'))
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_string).and_return('testMessage')
-      @prot.read_message_begin.should == ['testMessage', Thrift::MessageTypes::REPLY, 42]
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_string).and_return('testMessage')
+      expect(@prot.read_message_begin).to eq(['testMessage', Thrift::MessageTypes::REPLY, 42])
     end
 
     it "should raise an exception if the message header has the wrong version" do
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_i32).and_return(-1)
-      lambda { @prot.read_message_begin }.should raise_error(Thrift::ProtocolException, 'Missing version identifier') do |e|
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_i32).and_return(-1)
+      expect { @prot.read_message_begin }.to raise_error(Thrift::ProtocolException, 'Missing version identifier') do |e|
         e.type == Thrift::ProtocolException::BAD_VERSION
       end
     end
 
     it "should raise an exception if the message header does not exist and strict_read is enabled" do
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_i32).and_return(42)
-      @prot.should_receive(:strict_read).and_return(true)
-      lambda { @prot.read_message_begin }.should raise_error(Thrift::ProtocolException, 'No version identifier, old protocol client?') do |e|
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_i32).and_return(42)
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:strict_read).and_return(true)
+      expect { @prot.read_message_begin }.to raise_error(Thrift::ProtocolException, 'No version identifier, old protocol client?') do |e|
         e.type == Thrift::ProtocolException::BAD_VERSION
       end
     end
 
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      @prot.to_s.should == "binary(memory)"
+      expect(@prot.to_s).to eq("binary(memory)")
     end
   end
 
   describe Thrift::BinaryProtocolFactory do
     it "should create a BinaryProtocol" do
-      Thrift::BinaryProtocolFactory.new.get_protocol(mock("MockTransport")).should be_instance_of(Thrift::BinaryProtocol)
+      expect(Thrift::BinaryProtocolFactory.new.get_protocol(double("MockTransport"))).to be_instance_of(Thrift::BinaryProtocol)
     end
 
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      Thrift::BinaryProtocolFactory.new.to_s.should == "binary"
+      expect(Thrift::BinaryProtocolFactory.new.to_s).to eq("binary")
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/binary_protocol_spec_shared.rb b/lib/rb/spec/binary_protocol_spec_shared.rb
index 7a9d028..58d65f0 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/binary_protocol_spec_shared.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/binary_protocol_spec_shared.rb
@@ -27,34 +27,34 @@
   end
 
   it "should define the proper VERSION_1, VERSION_MASK AND TYPE_MASK" do
-    protocol_class.const_get(:VERSION_MASK).should == 0xffff0000
-    protocol_class.const_get(:VERSION_1).should == 0x80010000
-    protocol_class.const_get(:TYPE_MASK).should == 0x000000ff
+    expect(protocol_class.const_get(:VERSION_MASK)).to eq(0xffff0000)
+    expect(protocol_class.const_get(:VERSION_1)).to eq(0x80010000)
+    expect(protocol_class.const_get(:TYPE_MASK)).to eq(0x000000ff)
   end
 
   it "should make strict_read readable" do
-    @prot.strict_read.should eql(true)
+    expect(@prot.strict_read).to eql(true)
   end
 
   it "should make strict_write readable" do
-    @prot.strict_write.should eql(true)
+    expect(@prot.strict_write).to eql(true)
   end    
 
   it "should write the message header" do
     @prot.write_message_begin('testMessage', Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 17)
-    @trans.read(@trans.available).should == [protocol_class.const_get(:VERSION_1) | Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, "testMessage".size, "testMessage", 17].pack("NNa11N")
+    expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq([protocol_class.const_get(:VERSION_1) | Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, "testMessage".size, "testMessage", 17].pack("NNa11N"))
   end
   
   it "should write the message header without version when writes are not strict" do
     @prot = protocol_class.new(@trans, true, false) # no strict write
     @prot.write_message_begin('testMessage', Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 17)
-    @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "\000\000\000\vtestMessage\001\000\000\000\021"
+    expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("\000\000\000\vtestMessage\001\000\000\000\021")
   end
   
   it "should write the message header with a version when writes are strict" do
     @prot = protocol_class.new(@trans) # strict write
     @prot.write_message_begin('testMessage', Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 17)
-    @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "\200\001\000\001\000\000\000\vtestMessage\000\000\000\021"
+    expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("\200\001\000\001\000\000\000\vtestMessage\000\000\000\021")
   end
   
 
@@ -62,64 +62,67 @@
 
   it "should write the field header" do
     @prot.write_field_begin('foo', Thrift::Types::DOUBLE, 3)
-    @trans.read(@trans.available).should == [Thrift::Types::DOUBLE, 3].pack("cn")
+    expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq([Thrift::Types::DOUBLE, 3].pack("cn"))
   end
   
   # field footer is a noop
   
   it "should write the STOP field" do
     @prot.write_field_stop
-    @trans.read(1).should == "\000"
+    expect(@trans.read(1)).to eq("\000")
   end
   
   it "should write the map header" do
     @prot.write_map_begin(Thrift::Types::STRING, Thrift::Types::LIST, 17)
-    @trans.read(@trans.available).should == [Thrift::Types::STRING, Thrift::Types::LIST, 17].pack("ccN");
+    expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq([Thrift::Types::STRING, Thrift::Types::LIST, 17].pack("ccN"));
   end
    
   # map footer is a noop
   
   it "should write the list header" do
     @prot.write_list_begin(Thrift::Types::I16, 42)
-    @trans.read(@trans.available).should == [Thrift::Types::I16, 42].pack("cN")
+    expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq([Thrift::Types::I16, 42].pack("cN"))
   end
   
   # list footer is a noop
   
   it "should write the set header" do
     @prot.write_set_begin(Thrift::Types::I16, 42)
-    @trans.read(@trans.available).should == [Thrift::Types::I16, 42].pack("cN")
+    expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq([Thrift::Types::I16, 42].pack("cN"))
   end
   
   it "should write a bool" do
     @prot.write_bool(true)
     @prot.write_bool(false)
-    @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "\001\000"
+    expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("\001\000")
   end
   
   it "should treat a nil bool as false" do
     @prot.write_bool(nil)
-    @trans.read(1).should == "\000"
+    expect(@trans.read(1)).to eq("\000")
   end
   
   it "should write a byte" do
     # byte is small enough, let's check -128..127
     (-128..127).each do |i|
       @prot.write_byte(i)
-      @trans.read(1).should == [i].pack('c')
+      expect(@trans.read(1)).to eq([i].pack('c'))
     end
-    # handing it numbers out of signed range should clip
-    @trans.rspec_verify
+  end
+
+  it "should clip numbers out of signed range" do
     (128..255).each do |i|
       @prot.write_byte(i)
-      @trans.read(1).should == [i].pack('c')
+      expect(@trans.read(1)).to eq([i].pack('c'))
     end
-    # and lastly, a Bignum is going to error out
-    lambda { @prot.write_byte(2**65) }.should raise_error(RangeError)
+  end
+
+  it "errors out with a Bignum" do
+    expect { @prot.write_byte(2**65) }.to raise_error(RangeError)
   end
   
   it "should error gracefully when trying to write a nil byte" do
-    lambda { @prot.write_byte(nil) }.should raise_error
+    expect { @prot.write_byte(nil) }.to raise_error
   end
   
   it "should write an i16" do
@@ -131,14 +134,14 @@
     # and try something out of signed range, it should clip
     @prot.write_i16(2**15 + 5)
     
-    @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "\200\000\374\000\000\021\000\000\330\360\006\273\177\377\200\005"
+    expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("\200\000\374\000\000\021\000\000\330\360\006\273\177\377\200\005")
     
     # a Bignum should error
     # lambda { @prot.write_i16(2**65) }.should raise_error(RangeError)
   end
   
   it "should error gracefully when trying to write a nil i16" do
-    lambda { @prot.write_i16(nil) }.should raise_error
+    expect { @prot.write_i16(nil) }.to raise_error
   end
   
   it "should write an i32" do
@@ -148,14 +151,14 @@
       @prot.write_i32(i)
     end
     # try something out of signed range, it should clip
-    @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "\200\000\000\000" + "\377\376\037\r" + "\377\377\366\034" + "\377\377\377\375" + "\000\000\000\000" + "\000#\340\203" + "\000\0000+" + "\177\377\377\377"
+    expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("\200\000\000\000" + "\377\376\037\r" + "\377\377\366\034" + "\377\377\377\375" + "\000\000\000\000" + "\000#\340\203" + "\000\0000+" + "\177\377\377\377")
     [2 ** 31 + 5, 2 ** 65 + 5].each do |i|
-      lambda { @prot.write_i32(i) }.should raise_error(RangeError)  
+      expect { @prot.write_i32(i) }.to raise_error(RangeError)  
     end
   end
   
   it "should error gracefully when trying to write a nil i32" do
-    lambda { @prot.write_i32(nil) }.should raise_error
+    expect { @prot.write_i32(nil) }.to raise_error
   end
   
   it "should write an i64" do
@@ -165,7 +168,7 @@
       @prot.write_i64(i)
     end
     # try something out of signed range, it should clip
-    @trans.read(@trans.available).should == ["\200\000\000\000\000\000\000\000",
+    expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq(["\200\000\000\000\000\000\000\000",
       "\377\377\364\303\035\244+]",
       "\377\377\377\377\376\231:\341",
       "\377\377\377\377\377\377\377\026",
@@ -173,12 +176,12 @@
       "\000\000\000\000\000\000\004\317",
       "\000\000\000\000\000#\340\204",
       "\000\000\000\002\340\311~\365",
-      "\177\377\377\377\377\377\377\377"].join("")
-    lambda { @prot.write_i64(2 ** 65 + 5) }.should raise_error(RangeError)
+      "\177\377\377\377\377\377\377\377"].join(""))
+    expect { @prot.write_i64(2 ** 65 + 5) }.to raise_error(RangeError)
   end
   
   it "should error gracefully when trying to write a nil i64" do
-    lambda { @prot.write_i64(nil) }.should raise_error
+    expect { @prot.write_i64(nil) }.to raise_error
   end
   
   it "should write a double" do
@@ -186,12 +189,12 @@
     values = [Float::MIN,-1231.15325, -123123.23, -23.23515123, 0, 12351.1325, 523.23, Float::MAX]
     values.each do |f|
       @prot.write_double(f)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == [f].pack("G")
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq([f].pack("G"))
     end
   end
   
   it "should error gracefully when trying to write a nil double" do
-    lambda { @prot.write_double(nil) }.should raise_error
+    expect { @prot.write_double(nil) }.to raise_error
   end
 
   if RUBY_VERSION >= '1.9'
@@ -199,111 +202,111 @@
       str = 'abc'
       @prot.write_string(str)
       a = @trans.read(@trans.available)
-      a.encoding.should == Encoding::BINARY
-      a.unpack('C*').should == [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x61, 0x62, 0x63]
+      expect(a.encoding).to eq(Encoding::BINARY)
+      expect(a.unpack('C*')).to eq([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x61, 0x62, 0x63])
     end
 
     it 'should write a string with unicode characters' do
       str = "abc \u20AC \u20AD".encode('UTF-8')
       @prot.write_string(str)
       a = @trans.read(@trans.available)
-      a.encoding.should == Encoding::BINARY
-      a.unpack('C*').should == [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0B, 0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x20,
-                                0xE2, 0x82, 0xAC, 0x20, 0xE2, 0x82, 0xAD]
+      expect(a.encoding).to eq(Encoding::BINARY)
+      expect(a.unpack('C*')).to eq([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0B, 0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x20,
+                                0xE2, 0x82, 0xAC, 0x20, 0xE2, 0x82, 0xAD])
     end
 
     it 'should write should write a string with unicode characters and transcoding' do
       str = "abc \u20AC".encode('ISO-8859-15')
       @prot.write_string(str)
       a = @trans.read(@trans.available)
-      a.encoding.should == Encoding::BINARY
-      a.unpack('C*').should == [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x20, 0xE2, 0x82, 0xAC]
+      expect(a.encoding).to eq(Encoding::BINARY)
+      expect(a.unpack('C*')).to eq([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x20, 0xE2, 0x82, 0xAC])
     end
 
     it 'should write a binary string' do
       buffer = [0, 1, 2, 3].pack('C*')
       @prot.write_binary(buffer)
       a = @trans.read(@trans.available)
-      a.encoding.should == Encoding::BINARY
-      a.unpack('C*').should == [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03]
+      expect(a.encoding).to eq(Encoding::BINARY)
+      expect(a.unpack('C*')).to eq([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03])
     end
   else
     it 'should write a string' do
       str = 'abc'
       @prot.write_string(str)
       a = @trans.read(@trans.available)
-      a.unpack('C*').should == [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x61, 0x62, 0x63]
+      expect(a.unpack('C*')).to eq([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x61, 0x62, 0x63])
     end
 
     it 'should write a binary string' do
       buffer = [0, 1, 2, 3].pack('C*')
       @prot.write_binary(buffer)
       a = @trans.read(@trans.available)
-      a.unpack('C*').should == [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03]
+      expect(a.unpack('C*')).to eq([0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03])
     end
   end
 
   it "should error gracefully when trying to write a nil string" do
-    lambda { @prot.write_string(nil) }.should raise_error
+    expect { @prot.write_string(nil) }.to raise_error
   end
   
   it "should write the message header without version when writes are not strict" do
     @prot = protocol_class.new(@trans, true, false) # no strict write
     @prot.write_message_begin('testMessage', Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 17)
-    @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "\000\000\000\vtestMessage\001\000\000\000\021"
+    expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("\000\000\000\vtestMessage\001\000\000\000\021")
   end
     
   it "should write the message header with a version when writes are strict" do
     @prot = protocol_class.new(@trans) # strict write
     @prot.write_message_begin('testMessage', Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 17)
-    @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "\200\001\000\001\000\000\000\vtestMessage\000\000\000\021"
+    expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("\200\001\000\001\000\000\000\vtestMessage\000\000\000\021")
   end
   
   # message footer is a noop
   
   it "should read a field header" do
     @trans.write([Thrift::Types::STRING, 3].pack("cn"))
-    @prot.read_field_begin.should == [nil, Thrift::Types::STRING, 3]
+    expect(@prot.read_field_begin).to eq([nil, Thrift::Types::STRING, 3])
   end
   
   # field footer is a noop
   
   it "should read a stop field" do
     @trans.write([Thrift::Types::STOP].pack("c"));
-    @prot.read_field_begin.should == [nil, Thrift::Types::STOP, 0]
+    expect(@prot.read_field_begin).to eq([nil, Thrift::Types::STOP, 0])
   end
 
   it "should read a map header" do
     @trans.write([Thrift::Types::DOUBLE, Thrift::Types::I64, 42].pack("ccN"))
-    @prot.read_map_begin.should == [Thrift::Types::DOUBLE, Thrift::Types::I64, 42]
+    expect(@prot.read_map_begin).to eq([Thrift::Types::DOUBLE, Thrift::Types::I64, 42])
   end
   
   # map footer is a noop
   
   it "should read a list header" do
     @trans.write([Thrift::Types::STRING, 17].pack("cN"))
-    @prot.read_list_begin.should == [Thrift::Types::STRING, 17]
+    expect(@prot.read_list_begin).to eq([Thrift::Types::STRING, 17])
   end
   
   # list footer is a noop
   
   it "should read a set header" do
     @trans.write([Thrift::Types::STRING, 17].pack("cN"))
-    @prot.read_set_begin.should == [Thrift::Types::STRING, 17]
+    expect(@prot.read_set_begin).to eq([Thrift::Types::STRING, 17])
   end
   
   # set footer is a noop
   
   it "should read a bool" do
     @trans.write("\001\000");
-    @prot.read_bool.should == true
-    @prot.read_bool.should == false
+    expect(@prot.read_bool).to eq(true)
+    expect(@prot.read_bool).to eq(false)
   end
   
   it "should read a byte" do
     [-128, -57, -3, 0, 17, 24, 127].each do |i|
       @trans.write([i].pack("c"))
-      @prot.read_byte.should == i
+      expect(@prot.read_byte).to eq(i)
     end
   end
   
@@ -311,7 +314,7 @@
     # try a scattering of values, including min/max
     [-2**15, -5237, -353, 0, 1527, 2234, 2**15-1].each do |i|
       @trans.write([i].pack("n"));
-      @prot.read_i16.should == i
+      expect(@prot.read_i16).to eq(i)
     end
   end
   
@@ -319,7 +322,7 @@
     # try a scattering of values, including min/max
     [-2**31, -235125, -6236, 0, 2351, 123123, 2**31-1].each do |i|
       @trans.write([i].pack("N"))
-      @prot.read_i32.should == i
+      expect(@prot.read_i32).to eq(i)
     end
   end
   
@@ -327,7 +330,7 @@
     # try a scattering of values, including min/max
     [-2**63, -123512312, -6346, 0, 32, 2346322323, 2**63-1].each do |i|
       @trans.write([i >> 32, i & 0xFFFFFFFF].pack("NN"))
-      @prot.read_i64.should == i
+      expect(@prot.read_i64).to eq(i)
     end
   end
   
@@ -335,7 +338,7 @@
     # try a random scattering of values, including min/max
     [Float::MIN, -231231.12351, -323.233513, 0, 123.2351235, 2351235.12351235, Float::MAX].each do |f|
       @trans.write([f].pack("G"));
-      @prot.read_double.should == f
+      expect(@prot.read_double).to eq(f)
     end
   end
 
@@ -345,8 +348,8 @@
       buffer = [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x61, 0x62, 0x63].pack('C*')
       @trans.write(buffer)
       a = @prot.read_string
-      a.should == 'abc'.encode('UTF-8')
-      a.encoding.should == Encoding::UTF_8
+      expect(a).to eq('abc'.encode('UTF-8'))
+      expect(a.encoding).to eq(Encoding::UTF_8)
     end
 
     it 'should read a string containing unicode characters from UTF-8 encoded buffer' do
@@ -354,44 +357,44 @@
       buffer = [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0xE2, 0x82, 0xAC].pack('C*')
       @trans.write(buffer)
       a = @prot.read_string
-      a.should == "\u20AC".encode('UTF-8')
-      a.encoding.should == Encoding::UTF_8
+      expect(a).to eq("\u20AC".encode('UTF-8'))
+      expect(a.encoding).to eq(Encoding::UTF_8)
     end
 
     it 'should read a binary string' do
       buffer = [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03].pack('C*')
       @trans.write(buffer)
       a = @prot.read_binary
-      a.should == [0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03].pack('C*')
-      a.encoding.should == Encoding::BINARY
+      expect(a).to eq([0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03].pack('C*'))
+      expect(a.encoding).to eq(Encoding::BINARY)
     end
   else
     it 'should read a string' do
       # i32 of value 3, followed by three characters/UTF-8 bytes 'a', 'b', 'c'
       buffer = [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x61, 0x62, 0x63].pack('C*')
       @trans.write(buffer)
-      @prot.read_string.should == 'abc'
+      expect(@prot.read_string).to eq('abc')
     end
 
     it 'should read a binary string' do
       buffer = [0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03].pack('C*')
       @trans.write(buffer)
       a = @prot.read_binary
-      a.should == [0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03].pack('C*')
+      expect(a).to eq([0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03].pack('C*'))
     end
   end
 
   it "should perform a complete rpc with no args or return" do
     srv_test(
       proc {|client| client.send_voidMethod()},
-      proc {|client| client.recv_voidMethod.should == nil}
+      proc {|client| expect(client.recv_voidMethod).to eq(nil)}
     )
   end
 
   it "should perform a complete rpc with a primitive return type" do
     srv_test(
       proc {|client| client.send_primitiveMethod()},
-      proc {|client| client.recv_primitiveMethod.should == 1}
+      proc {|client| expect(client.recv_primitiveMethod).to eq(1)}
     )
   end
 
@@ -402,7 +405,7 @@
         result = client.recv_structMethod
         result.set_byte_map = nil
         result.map_byte_map = nil
-        result.should == Fixtures::COMPACT_PROTOCOL_TEST_STRUCT
+        expect(result).to eq(Fixtures::COMPACT_PROTOCOL_TEST_STRUCT)
       }
     )
   end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/bytes_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/bytes_spec.rb
index b82e304..2e8653c 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/bytes_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/bytes_spec.rb
@@ -25,33 +25,33 @@
     describe '.empty_byte_buffer' do
       it 'should create an empty buffer' do
         b = Thrift::Bytes.empty_byte_buffer
-        b.length.should == 0
-        b.encoding.should == Encoding::BINARY
+        expect(b.length).to eq(0)
+        expect(b.encoding).to eq(Encoding::BINARY)
       end
 
       it 'should create an empty buffer of given size' do
         b = Thrift::Bytes.empty_byte_buffer 2
-        b.length.should == 2
-        b.getbyte(0).should == 0
-        b.getbyte(1).should == 0
-        b.encoding.should == Encoding::BINARY
+        expect(b.length).to eq(2)
+        expect(b.getbyte(0)).to eq(0)
+        expect(b.getbyte(1)).to eq(0)
+        expect(b.encoding).to eq(Encoding::BINARY)
       end
     end
 
     describe '.force_binary_encoding' do
       it 'should change encoding' do
         e = 'STRING'.encode('UTF-8')
-        e.encoding.should_not == Encoding::BINARY
+        expect(e.encoding).not_to eq(Encoding::BINARY)
         a = Thrift::Bytes.force_binary_encoding e
-        a.encoding.should == Encoding::BINARY
+        expect(a.encoding).to eq(Encoding::BINARY)
       end
     end
 
     describe '.get_string_byte' do
       it 'should get the byte at index' do
         s = "\x41\x42"
-        Thrift::Bytes.get_string_byte(s, 0).should == 0x41
-        Thrift::Bytes.get_string_byte(s, 1).should == 0x42
+        expect(Thrift::Bytes.get_string_byte(s, 0)).to eq(0x41)
+        expect(Thrift::Bytes.get_string_byte(s, 1)).to eq(0x42)
       end
     end
 
@@ -59,42 +59,42 @@
       it 'should set byte value at index' do
         s = "\x41\x42"
         Thrift::Bytes.set_string_byte(s, 0, 0x43)
-        s.getbyte(0).should == 0x43
-        s.should == 'CB'
+        expect(s.getbyte(0)).to eq(0x43)
+        expect(s).to eq('CB')
       end
     end
 
     describe '.convert_to_utf8_byte_buffer' do
       it 'should convert UTF-8 String to byte buffer' do
         e = "\u20AC".encode('UTF-8') # a string with euro sign character U+20AC
-        e.length.should == 1
+        expect(e.length).to eq(1)
 
         a = Thrift::Bytes.convert_to_utf8_byte_buffer e
-        a.encoding.should == Encoding::BINARY
-        a.length.should == 3
-        a.unpack('C*').should == [0xE2, 0x82, 0xAC]
+        expect(a.encoding).to eq(Encoding::BINARY)
+        expect(a.length).to eq(3)
+        expect(a.unpack('C*')).to eq([0xE2, 0x82, 0xAC])
       end
 
       it 'should convert ISO-8859-15 String to UTF-8 byte buffer' do
         # Assumptions
         e = "\u20AC".encode('ISO-8859-15') # a string with euro sign character U+20AC, then converted to ISO-8859-15
-        e.length.should == 1
-        e.unpack('C*').should == [0xA4] # euro sign is a different code point in ISO-8859-15
+        expect(e.length).to eq(1)
+        expect(e.unpack('C*')).to eq([0xA4]) # euro sign is a different code point in ISO-8859-15
 
         a = Thrift::Bytes.convert_to_utf8_byte_buffer e
-        a.encoding.should == Encoding::BINARY
-        a.length.should == 3
-        a.unpack('C*').should == [0xE2, 0x82, 0xAC]
+        expect(a.encoding).to eq(Encoding::BINARY)
+        expect(a.length).to eq(3)
+        expect(a.unpack('C*')).to eq([0xE2, 0x82, 0xAC])
       end
     end
 
     describe '.convert_to_string' do
       it 'should convert UTF-8 byte buffer to a UTF-8 String' do
         e = [0xE2, 0x82, 0xAC].pack("C*")
-        e.encoding.should == Encoding::BINARY
+        expect(e.encoding).to eq(Encoding::BINARY)
         a = Thrift::Bytes.convert_to_string e
-        a.encoding.should == Encoding::UTF_8
-        a.should == "\u20AC"
+        expect(a.encoding).to eq(Encoding::UTF_8)
+        expect(a).to eq("\u20AC")
       end
     end
 
@@ -102,14 +102,14 @@
     describe '.empty_byte_buffer' do
       it 'should create an empty buffer' do
         b = Thrift::Bytes.empty_byte_buffer
-        b.length.should == 0
+        expect(b.length).to eq(0)
       end
 
       it 'should create an empty buffer of given size' do
         b = Thrift::Bytes.empty_byte_buffer 2
-        b.length.should == 2
-        b[0].should == 0
-        b[1].should == 0
+        expect(b.length).to eq(2)
+        expect(b[0]).to eq(0)
+        expect(b[1]).to eq(0)
       end
     end
 
@@ -117,16 +117,16 @@
       it 'should be a no-op' do
         e = 'STRING'
         a = Thrift::Bytes.force_binary_encoding e
-        a.should == e
-        a.should be(e)
+        expect(a).to eq(e)
+        expect(a).to be(e)
       end
     end
 
     describe '.get_string_byte' do
       it 'should get the byte at index' do
         s = "\x41\x42"
-        Thrift::Bytes.get_string_byte(s, 0).should == 0x41
-        Thrift::Bytes.get_string_byte(s, 1).should == 0x42
+        expect(Thrift::Bytes.get_string_byte(s, 0)).to eq(0x41)
+        expect(Thrift::Bytes.get_string_byte(s, 1)).to eq(0x42)
       end
     end
 
@@ -134,8 +134,8 @@
       it 'should set byte value at index' do
         s = "\x41\x42"
         Thrift::Bytes.set_string_byte(s, 0, 0x43)
-        s[0].should == 0x43
-        s.should == 'CB'
+        expect(s[0]).to eq(0x43)
+        expect(s).to eq('CB')
       end
     end
 
@@ -143,8 +143,8 @@
       it 'should be a no-op' do
         e = 'STRING'
         a = Thrift::Bytes.convert_to_utf8_byte_buffer e
-        a.should == e
-        a.should be(e)
+        expect(a).to eq(e)
+        expect(a).to be(e)
       end
     end
 
@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@
       it 'should be a no-op' do
         e = 'STRING'
         a = Thrift::Bytes.convert_to_string e
-        a.should == e
-        a.should be(e)
+        expect(a).to eq(e)
+        expect(a).to be(e)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/client_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/client_spec.rb
index f8ffe8a..d5d4cee 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/client_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/client_spec.rb
@@ -26,74 +26,73 @@
   end
 
   before(:each) do
-    @prot = mock("MockProtocol")
+    @prot = double("MockProtocol")
     @client = ClientSpec.new(@prot)
   end
 
   describe Thrift::Client do
     it "should re-use iprot for oprot if not otherwise specified" do
-      @client.instance_variable_get(:'@iprot').should eql(@prot)
-      @client.instance_variable_get(:'@oprot').should eql(@prot)
+      expect(@client.instance_variable_get(:'@iprot')).to eql(@prot)
+      expect(@client.instance_variable_get(:'@oprot')).to eql(@prot)
     end
 
     it "should send a test message" do
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_message_begin).with('testMessage', Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 0)
-      mock_args = mock('#<TestMessage_args:mock>')
-      mock_args.should_receive(:foo=).with('foo')
-      mock_args.should_receive(:bar=).with(42)
-      mock_args.should_receive(:write).with(@prot)
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_message_end)
-      @prot.should_receive(:trans) do
-        mock('trans').tap do |trans|
-          trans.should_receive(:flush)
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_message_begin).with('testMessage', Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 0)
+      mock_args = double('#<TestMessage_args:mock>')
+      expect(mock_args).to receive(:foo=).with('foo')
+      expect(mock_args).to receive(:bar=).with(42)
+      expect(mock_args).to receive(:write).with(@prot)
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_message_end)
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:trans) do
+        double('trans').tap do |trans|
+          expect(trans).to receive(:flush)
         end
       end
-      klass = stub("TestMessage_args", :new => mock_args)
+      klass = double("TestMessage_args", :new => mock_args)
       @client.send_message('testMessage', klass, :foo => 'foo', :bar => 42)
     end
 
     it "should increment the sequence id when sending messages" do
-      pending "it seems sequence ids are completely ignored right now" do
-        @prot.should_receive(:write_message_begin).with('testMessage',  Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 0).ordered
-        @prot.should_receive(:write_message_begin).with('testMessage2', Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 1).ordered
-        @prot.should_receive(:write_message_begin).with('testMessage3', Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 2).ordered
-        @prot.stub!(:write_message_end)
-        @prot.stub!(:trans).and_return mock("trans").as_null_object
-        @client.send_message('testMessage', mock("args class").as_null_object)
-        @client.send_message('testMessage2', mock("args class").as_null_object)
-        @client.send_message('testMessage3', mock("args class").as_null_object)
-      end
+      pending "it seems sequence ids are completely ignored right now"
+      @prot.expect(:write_message_begin).with('testMessage',  Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 0).ordered
+      @prot.expect(:write_message_begin).with('testMessage2', Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 1).ordered
+      @prot.expect(:write_message_begin).with('testMessage3', Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 2).ordered
+      @prot.stub!(:write_message_end)
+      @prot.stub!(:trans).and_return double("trans").as_null_object
+      @client.send_message('testMessage', double("args class").as_null_object)
+      @client.send_message('testMessage2', double("args class").as_null_object)
+      @client.send_message('testMessage3', double("args class").as_null_object)
     end
 
     it "should receive a test message" do
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_message_begin).and_return [nil, Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 0]
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_message_end)
-      mock_klass = mock("#<MockClass:mock>")
-      mock_klass.should_receive(:read).with(@prot)
-      @client.receive_message(stub("MockClass", :new => mock_klass))
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_message_begin).and_return [nil, Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 0]
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_message_end)
+      mock_klass = double("#<MockClass:mock>")
+      expect(mock_klass).to receive(:read).with(@prot)
+      @client.receive_message(double("MockClass", :new => mock_klass))
     end
 
     it "should handle received exceptions" do
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_message_begin).and_return [nil, Thrift::MessageTypes::EXCEPTION, 0]
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_message_end)
-      Thrift::ApplicationException.should_receive(:new).and_return do
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_message_begin).and_return [nil, Thrift::MessageTypes::EXCEPTION, 0]
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_message_end)
+      expect(Thrift::ApplicationException).to receive(:new) do
         StandardError.new.tap do |mock_exc|
-          mock_exc.should_receive(:read).with(@prot)
+          expect(mock_exc).to receive(:read).with(@prot)
         end
       end
-      lambda { @client.receive_message(nil) }.should raise_error(StandardError)
+      expect { @client.receive_message(nil) }.to raise_error(StandardError)
     end
 
     it "should close the transport if an error occurs while sending a message" do
-      @prot.stub!(:write_message_begin)
-      @prot.should_not_receive(:write_message_end)
-      mock_args = mock("#<TestMessage_args:mock>")
-      mock_args.should_receive(:write).with(@prot).and_raise(StandardError)
-      trans = mock("MockTransport")
-      @prot.stub!(:trans).and_return(trans)
-      trans.should_receive(:close)
-      klass = mock("TestMessage_args", :new => mock_args)
-      lambda { @client.send_message("testMessage", klass) }.should raise_error(StandardError)
+      allow(@prot).to receive(:write_message_begin)
+      expect(@prot).not_to receive(:write_message_end)
+      mock_args = double("#<TestMessage_args:mock>")
+      expect(mock_args).to receive(:write).with(@prot).and_raise(StandardError)
+      trans = double("MockTransport")
+      allow(@prot).to receive(:trans).and_return(trans)
+      expect(trans).to receive(:close)
+      klass = double("TestMessage_args", :new => mock_args)
+      expect { @client.send_message("testMessage", klass) }.to raise_error(StandardError)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/compact_protocol_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/compact_protocol_spec.rb
index 71ddc0e..513dd69 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/compact_protocol_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/compact_protocol_spec.rb
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
         proto.send(writer(primitive_type), value)
         # puts "buf: #{trans.inspect_buffer}" if primitive_type == :i64
         read_back = proto.send(reader(primitive_type))
-        read_back.should == value
+        expect(read_back).to eq(value)
       end
     end
   end
@@ -62,10 +62,10 @@
 
         proto = Thrift::CompactProtocol.new(trans)
         name, type, id = proto.read_field_begin
-        type.should == thrift_type
-        id.should == 15
+        expect(type).to eq(thrift_type)
+        expect(id).to eq(15)
         read_back = proto.send(reader(primitive_type))
-        read_back.should == value
+        expect(read_back).to eq(value)
         proto.read_field_end
       end
     end
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
 
     struct2 = Thrift::Test::CompactProtoTestStruct.new
     struct2.read(proto)    
-    struct2.should == struct
+    expect(struct2).to eq(struct)
   end
 
   it "should make method calls correctly" do
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
     client.send_Janky(1)
     # puts client_out_trans.inspect_buffer
     processor.process(client_out_proto, client_in_proto)
-    client.recv_Janky.should == 2
+    expect(client.recv_Janky).to eq(2)
   end
   
   it "should deal with fields following fields that have non-delta ids" do
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@
     deser = Thrift::Deserializer.new(Thrift::CompactProtocolFactory.new)
     brcp2 = Thrift::Test::BreaksRubyCompactProtocol.new
     deser.deserialize(brcp2, bytes)
-    brcp2.should == brcp
+    expect(brcp2).to eq(brcp)
   end
   
   it "should deserialize an empty map to an empty hash" do
@@ -124,12 +124,12 @@
     deser = Thrift::Deserializer.new(Thrift::CompactProtocolFactory.new)
     struct2 = Thrift::Test::SingleMapTestStruct.new
     deser.deserialize(struct2, bytes)
-    struct.should == struct2
+    expect(struct).to eq(struct2)
   end
   
   it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
     trans = Thrift::MemoryBufferTransport.new
-    Thrift::CompactProtocol.new(trans).to_s.should == "compact(memory)"
+    expect(Thrift::CompactProtocol.new(trans).to_s).to eq("compact(memory)")
   end
   
   class JankyHandler
@@ -149,10 +149,10 @@
 
 describe Thrift::CompactProtocolFactory do
   it "should create a CompactProtocol" do
-    Thrift::CompactProtocolFactory.new.get_protocol(mock("MockTransport")).should be_instance_of(Thrift::CompactProtocol)
+    expect(Thrift::CompactProtocolFactory.new.get_protocol(double("MockTransport"))).to be_instance_of(Thrift::CompactProtocol)
   end
 
   it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-    Thrift::CompactProtocolFactory.new.to_s.should == "compact"
+    expect(Thrift::CompactProtocolFactory.new.to_s).to eq("compact")
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/exception_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/exception_spec.rb
index d1da621..379ae69 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/exception_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/exception_spec.rb
@@ -24,107 +24,107 @@
   describe Thrift::Exception do
     it "should have an accessible message" do
       e = Thrift::Exception.new("test message")
-      e.message.should == "test message"
+      expect(e.message).to eq("test message")
     end
   end
 
   describe Thrift::ApplicationException do
     it "should inherit from Thrift::Exception" do
-      Thrift::ApplicationException.superclass.should == Thrift::Exception
+      expect(Thrift::ApplicationException.superclass).to eq(Thrift::Exception)
     end
 
     it "should have an accessible type and message" do
       e = Thrift::ApplicationException.new
-      e.type.should == Thrift::ApplicationException::UNKNOWN
-      e.message.should be_nil
+      expect(e.type).to eq(Thrift::ApplicationException::UNKNOWN)
+      expect(e.message).to be_nil
       e = Thrift::ApplicationException.new(Thrift::ApplicationException::UNKNOWN_METHOD, "test message")
-      e.type.should == Thrift::ApplicationException::UNKNOWN_METHOD
-      e.message.should == "test message"
+      expect(e.type).to eq(Thrift::ApplicationException::UNKNOWN_METHOD)
+      expect(e.message).to eq("test message")
     end
 
     it "should read a struct off of a protocol" do
-      prot = mock("MockProtocol")
-      prot.should_receive(:read_struct_begin).ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:read_field_begin).exactly(3).times.and_return(
+      prot = double("MockProtocol")
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_struct_begin).ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_field_begin).exactly(3).times.and_return(
         ["message", Thrift::Types::STRING, 1],
         ["type", Thrift::Types::I32, 2],
         [nil, Thrift::Types::STOP, 0]
       )
-      prot.should_receive(:read_string).ordered.and_return "test message"
-      prot.should_receive(:read_i32).ordered.and_return Thrift::ApplicationException::BAD_SEQUENCE_ID
-      prot.should_receive(:read_field_end).exactly(2).times
-      prot.should_receive(:read_struct_end).ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_string).ordered.and_return "test message"
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_i32).ordered.and_return Thrift::ApplicationException::BAD_SEQUENCE_ID
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_field_end).exactly(2).times
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_struct_end).ordered
 
       e = Thrift::ApplicationException.new
       e.read(prot)
-      e.message.should == "test message"
-      e.type.should == Thrift::ApplicationException::BAD_SEQUENCE_ID
+      expect(e.message).to eq("test message")
+      expect(e.type).to eq(Thrift::ApplicationException::BAD_SEQUENCE_ID)
     end
 
     it "should skip bad fields when reading a struct" do
-      prot = mock("MockProtocol")
-      prot.should_receive(:read_struct_begin).ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:read_field_begin).exactly(5).times.and_return(
+      prot = double("MockProtocol")
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_struct_begin).ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_field_begin).exactly(5).times.and_return(
         ["type", Thrift::Types::I32, 2],
         ["type", Thrift::Types::STRING, 2],
         ["message", Thrift::Types::MAP, 1],
         ["message", Thrift::Types::STRING, 3],
         [nil, Thrift::Types::STOP, 0]
       )
-      prot.should_receive(:read_i32).and_return Thrift::ApplicationException::INVALID_MESSAGE_TYPE
-      prot.should_receive(:skip).with(Thrift::Types::STRING).twice
-      prot.should_receive(:skip).with(Thrift::Types::MAP)
-      prot.should_receive(:read_field_end).exactly(4).times
-      prot.should_receive(:read_struct_end).ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_i32).and_return Thrift::ApplicationException::INVALID_MESSAGE_TYPE
+      expect(prot).to receive(:skip).with(Thrift::Types::STRING).twice
+      expect(prot).to receive(:skip).with(Thrift::Types::MAP)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_field_end).exactly(4).times
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_struct_end).ordered
 
       e = Thrift::ApplicationException.new
       e.read(prot)
-      e.message.should be_nil
-      e.type.should == Thrift::ApplicationException::INVALID_MESSAGE_TYPE
+      expect(e.message).to be_nil
+      expect(e.type).to eq(Thrift::ApplicationException::INVALID_MESSAGE_TYPE)
     end
 
     it "should write a Thrift::ApplicationException struct to the oprot" do
-      prot = mock("MockProtocol")
-      prot.should_receive(:write_struct_begin).with("Thrift::ApplicationException").ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_begin).with("message", Thrift::Types::STRING, 1).ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:write_string).with("test message").ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_begin).with("type", Thrift::Types::I32, 2).ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:write_i32).with(Thrift::ApplicationException::UNKNOWN_METHOD).ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_end).twice
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_stop).ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:write_struct_end).ordered
+      prot = double("MockProtocol")
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_struct_begin).with("Thrift::ApplicationException").ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_begin).with("message", Thrift::Types::STRING, 1).ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_string).with("test message").ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_begin).with("type", Thrift::Types::I32, 2).ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_i32).with(Thrift::ApplicationException::UNKNOWN_METHOD).ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_end).twice
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_stop).ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_struct_end).ordered
 
       e = Thrift::ApplicationException.new(Thrift::ApplicationException::UNKNOWN_METHOD, "test message")
       e.write(prot)
     end
 
     it "should skip nil fields when writing to the oprot" do
-      prot = mock("MockProtocol")
-      prot.should_receive(:write_struct_begin).with("Thrift::ApplicationException").ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_begin).with("message", Thrift::Types::STRING, 1).ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:write_string).with("test message").ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_end).ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_stop).ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:write_struct_end).ordered
+      prot = double("MockProtocol")
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_struct_begin).with("Thrift::ApplicationException").ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_begin).with("message", Thrift::Types::STRING, 1).ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_string).with("test message").ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_end).ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_stop).ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_struct_end).ordered
 
       e = Thrift::ApplicationException.new(nil, "test message")
       e.write(prot)
 
-      prot = mock("MockProtocol")
-      prot.should_receive(:write_struct_begin).with("Thrift::ApplicationException").ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_begin).with("type", Thrift::Types::I32, 2).ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:write_i32).with(Thrift::ApplicationException::BAD_SEQUENCE_ID).ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_end).ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_stop).ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:write_struct_end).ordered
+      prot = double("MockProtocol")
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_struct_begin).with("Thrift::ApplicationException").ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_begin).with("type", Thrift::Types::I32, 2).ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_i32).with(Thrift::ApplicationException::BAD_SEQUENCE_ID).ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_end).ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_stop).ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_struct_end).ordered
 
       e = Thrift::ApplicationException.new(Thrift::ApplicationException::BAD_SEQUENCE_ID)
       e.write(prot)
 
-      prot = mock("MockProtocol")
-      prot.should_receive(:write_struct_begin).with("Thrift::ApplicationException").ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_stop).ordered
-      prot.should_receive(:write_struct_end).ordered
+      prot = double("MockProtocol")
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_struct_begin).with("Thrift::ApplicationException").ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_stop).ordered
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_struct_end).ordered
 
       e = Thrift::ApplicationException.new(nil)
       e.write(prot)
@@ -134,8 +134,8 @@
   describe Thrift::ProtocolException do
     it "should have an accessible type" do
       prot = Thrift::ProtocolException.new(Thrift::ProtocolException::SIZE_LIMIT, "message")
-      prot.type.should == Thrift::ProtocolException::SIZE_LIMIT
-      prot.message.should == "message"
+      expect(prot.type).to eq(Thrift::ProtocolException::SIZE_LIMIT)
+      expect(prot.message).to eq("message")
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/flat_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/flat_spec.rb
index f378782..893056c 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/flat_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/flat_spec.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
      "other_namespace/referenced_constants.rb",
      "other_namespace/referenced_types.rb"
     ].each do |name|
-      File.exist?(File.join(prefix, name)).should_not be_true
+      expect(File.exist?(File.join(prefix, name))).not_to be_truthy
     end
   end
 
@@ -44,19 +44,19 @@
      "referenced_constants.rb",
      "referenced_types.rb"
     ].each do |name|
-      File.exist?(File.join(prefix, name)).should be_true
+      expect(File.exist?(File.join(prefix, name))).to be_truthy
     end
   end
 
   it "has a service class in the right place" do
-    defined?(NamespacedSpecNamespace::NamespacedNonblockingService).should be_true
+    expect(defined?(NamespacedSpecNamespace::NamespacedNonblockingService)).to be_truthy
   end
 
   it "has a struct in the right place" do
-    defined?(NamespacedSpecNamespace::Hello).should be_true
+    expect(defined?(NamespacedSpecNamespace::Hello)).to be_truthy
   end
 
   it "required an included file" do
-    defined?(OtherNamespace::SomeEnum).should be_true
+    expect(defined?(OtherNamespace::SomeEnum)).to be_truthy
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/http_client_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/http_client_spec.rb
index 70747ed..df472ab 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/http_client_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/http_client_spec.rb
@@ -31,26 +31,26 @@
     end
 
     it "should always be open" do
-      @client.should be_open
+      expect(@client).to be_open
       @client.close
-      @client.should be_open
+      expect(@client).to be_open
     end
 
     it "should post via HTTP and return the results" do
       @client.write "a test"
       @client.write " frame"
-      Net::HTTP.should_receive(:new).with("my.domain.com", 80).and_return do
-        mock("Net::HTTP").tap do |http|
-          http.should_receive(:use_ssl=).with(false)
-          http.should_receive(:post).with("/path/to/service?param=value", "a test frame", {"Content-Type"=>"application/x-thrift"}).and_return do
-            mock("Net::HTTPOK").tap do |response|
-              response.should_receive(:body).and_return "data"
+      expect(Net::HTTP).to receive(:new).with("my.domain.com", 80) do
+        double("Net::HTTP").tap do |http|
+          expect(http).to receive(:use_ssl=).with(false)
+          expect(http).to receive(:post).with("/path/to/service?param=value", "a test frame", {"Content-Type"=>"application/x-thrift"}) do
+            double("Net::HTTPOK").tap do |response|
+              expect(response).to receive(:body).and_return "data"
             end
           end
         end
       end
       @client.flush
-      @client.read(10).should == "data"
+      expect(@client.read(10)).to eq("data")
     end
 
     it "should send custom headers if defined" do
@@ -59,12 +59,12 @@
       headers = {"Content-Type"=>"application/x-thrift"}.merge(custom_headers)
 
       @client.add_headers(custom_headers)
-      Net::HTTP.should_receive(:new).with("my.domain.com", 80).and_return do
-        mock("Net::HTTP").tap do |http|
-          http.should_receive(:use_ssl=).with(false)
-          http.should_receive(:post).with("/path/to/service?param=value", "test", headers).and_return do
-            mock("Net::HTTPOK").tap do |response|
-              response.should_receive(:body).and_return "data"
+      expect(Net::HTTP).to receive(:new).with("my.domain.com", 80) do
+        double("Net::HTTP").tap do |http|
+          expect(http).to receive(:use_ssl=).with(false)
+          expect(http).to receive(:post).with("/path/to/service?param=value", "test", headers) do
+            double("Net::HTTPOK").tap do |response|
+              expect(response).to receive(:body).and_return "data"
             end
           end
         end
@@ -75,15 +75,15 @@
     it 'should reset the outbuf on HTTP failures' do
       @client.write "test"
 
-      Net::HTTP.should_receive(:new).with("my.domain.com", 80).and_return do
-        mock("Net::HTTP").tap do |http|
-          http.should_receive(:use_ssl=).with(false)
-          http.should_receive(:post).with("/path/to/service?param=value", "test", {"Content-Type"=>"application/x-thrift"}) { raise Net::ReadTimeout }
+      expect(Net::HTTP).to receive(:new).with("my.domain.com", 80) do
+        double("Net::HTTP").tap do |http|
+          expect(http).to receive(:use_ssl=).with(false)
+          expect(http).to receive(:post).with("/path/to/service?param=value", "test", {"Content-Type"=>"application/x-thrift"}) { raise Net::ReadTimeout }
         end
       end
 
       @client.flush  rescue
-      @client.instance_variable_get(:@outbuf).should eq(Thrift::Bytes.empty_byte_buffer)
+      expect(@client.instance_variable_get(:@outbuf)).to eq(Thrift::Bytes.empty_byte_buffer)
     end
 
   end
@@ -99,20 +99,20 @@
 
       client.write "test"
 
-      Net::HTTP.should_receive(:new).with("my.domain.com", 443).and_return do
-        mock("Net::HTTP").tap do |http|
-          http.should_receive(:use_ssl=).with(true)
-          http.should_receive(:verify_mode=).with(OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER)
-          http.should_receive(:post).with(@service_path, "test",
-              "Content-Type" => "application/x-thrift").and_return do
-            mock("Net::HTTPOK").tap do |response|
-              response.should_receive(:body).and_return "data"
+      expect(Net::HTTP).to receive(:new).with("my.domain.com", 443) do
+        double("Net::HTTP").tap do |http|
+          expect(http).to receive(:use_ssl=).with(true)
+          expect(http).to receive(:verify_mode=).with(OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER)
+          expect(http).to receive(:post).with(@service_path, "test",
+              "Content-Type" => "application/x-thrift") do
+            double("Net::HTTPOK").tap do |response|
+              expect(response).to receive(:body).and_return "data"
             end
           end
         end
       end
       client.flush
-      client.read(4).should == "data"
+      expect(client.read(4)).to eq("data")
     end
 
     it "should set SSL verify mode when specified" do
@@ -120,20 +120,20 @@
           :ssl_verify_mode => OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE)
 
       client.write "test"
-      Net::HTTP.should_receive(:new).with("my.domain.com", 443).and_return do
-        mock("Net::HTTP").tap do |http|
-          http.should_receive(:use_ssl=).with(true)
-          http.should_receive(:verify_mode=).with(OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE)
-          http.should_receive(:post).with(@service_path, "test",
-              "Content-Type" => "application/x-thrift").and_return do
-            mock("Net::HTTPOK").tap do |response|
-              response.should_receive(:body).and_return "data"
+      expect(Net::HTTP).to receive(:new).with("my.domain.com", 443) do
+        double("Net::HTTP").tap do |http|
+          expect(http).to receive(:use_ssl=).with(true)
+          expect(http).to receive(:verify_mode=).with(OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE)
+          expect(http).to receive(:post).with(@service_path, "test",
+              "Content-Type" => "application/x-thrift") do
+            double("Net::HTTPOK").tap do |response|
+              expect(response).to receive(:body).and_return "data"
             end
           end
         end
       end
       client.flush
-      client.read(4).should == "data"
+      expect(client.read(4)).to eq("data")
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/json_protocol_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/json_protocol_spec.rb
index 57e9401..fe1af7b 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/json_protocol_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/json_protocol_spec.rb
@@ -30,257 +30,257 @@
 
     it "should write json escaped char" do
       @prot.write_json_escape_char("\n")
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == '\u000a'
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq('\u000a')
 
       @prot.write_json_escape_char(" ")
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == '\u0020'
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq('\u0020')
     end
 
     it "should write json char" do
       @prot.write_json_char("\n")
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == '\\n'
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq('\\n')
 
       @prot.write_json_char(" ")
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == ' '
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq(' ')
 
       @prot.write_json_char("\\")
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "\\\\"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("\\\\")
 
       @prot.write_json_char("@")
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == '@'
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq('@')
     end
 
     it "should write json string" do
       @prot.write_json_string("this is a \\ json\nstring")
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "\"this is a \\\\ json\\nstring\""
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("\"this is a \\\\ json\\nstring\"")
     end
 
     it "should write json base64" do
       @prot.write_json_base64("this is a base64 string")
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "\"dGhpcyBpcyBhIGJhc2U2NCBzdHJpbmc=\""
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("\"dGhpcyBpcyBhIGJhc2U2NCBzdHJpbmc=\"")
     end
 
     it "should write json integer" do
       @prot.write_json_integer(45)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "45"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("45")
 
       @prot.write_json_integer(33000)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "33000"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("33000")
 
       @prot.write_json_integer(3000000000)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "3000000000"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("3000000000")
 
       @prot.write_json_integer(6000000000)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "6000000000"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("6000000000")
     end
 
     it "should write json double" do
       @prot.write_json_double(12.3)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "12.3"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("12.3")
 
       @prot.write_json_double(-3.21)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "-3.21"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("-3.21")
 
       @prot.write_json_double(((+1.0/0.0)/(+1.0/0.0)))
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "\"NaN\""
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("\"NaN\"")
 
       @prot.write_json_double((+1.0/0.0))
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "\"Infinity\""
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("\"Infinity\"")
 
       @prot.write_json_double((-1.0/0.0))
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "\"-Infinity\""
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("\"-Infinity\"")
     end
 
     it "should write json object start" do
       @prot.write_json_object_start
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "{"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("{")
     end
 
     it "should write json object end" do
       @prot.write_json_object_end
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "}"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("}")
     end
 
     it "should write json array start" do
       @prot.write_json_array_start
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "["
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("[")
     end
 
     it "should write json array end" do
       @prot.write_json_array_end
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "]"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("]")
     end
 
     it "should write message begin" do
       @prot.write_message_begin("name", 12, 32)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "[1,\"name\",12,32"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("[1,\"name\",12,32")
     end
 
     it "should write message end" do
       @prot.write_message_end
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "]"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("]")
     end
 
     it "should write struct begin" do
       @prot.write_struct_begin("name")
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "{"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("{")
     end
 
     it "should write struct end" do
       @prot.write_struct_end
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "}"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("}")
     end
 
     it "should write field begin" do
       @prot.write_field_begin("name", Thrift::Types::STRUCT, 32)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "32{\"rec\""
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("32{\"rec\"")
     end
 
     it "should write field end" do
       @prot.write_field_end
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "}"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("}")
     end
 
     it "should write field stop" do
       @prot.write_field_stop
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == ""
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("")
     end
 
     it "should write map begin" do
       @prot.write_map_begin(Thrift::Types::STRUCT, Thrift::Types::LIST, 32)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "[\"rec\",\"lst\",32,{"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("[\"rec\",\"lst\",32,{")
     end
 
     it "should write map end" do
       @prot.write_map_end
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "}]"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("}]")
     end
 
     it "should write list begin" do
       @prot.write_list_begin(Thrift::Types::STRUCT, 32)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "[\"rec\",32"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("[\"rec\",32")
     end
 
     it "should write list end" do
       @prot.write_list_end
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "]"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("]")
     end
 
     it "should write set begin" do
       @prot.write_set_begin(Thrift::Types::STRUCT, 32)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "[\"rec\",32"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("[\"rec\",32")
     end
 
     it "should write set end" do
       @prot.write_set_end
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "]"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("]")
     end
 
     it "should write bool" do
       @prot.write_bool(true)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "1"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("1")
 
       @prot.write_bool(false)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "0"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("0")
     end
 
     it "should write byte" do
       @prot.write_byte(100)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "100"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("100")
     end
 
     it "should write i16" do
       @prot.write_i16(1000)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "1000"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("1000")
     end
 
     it "should write i32" do
       @prot.write_i32(3000000000)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "3000000000"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("3000000000")
     end
 
     it "should write i64" do
       @prot.write_i64(6000000000)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "6000000000"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("6000000000")
     end
 
     it "should write double" do
       @prot.write_double(1.23)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "1.23"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("1.23")
 
       @prot.write_double(-32.1)
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "-32.1"
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("-32.1")
 
       @prot.write_double(((+1.0/0.0)/(+1.0/0.0)))
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "\"NaN\""
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("\"NaN\"")
 
       @prot.write_double((+1.0/0.0))
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "\"Infinity\""
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("\"Infinity\"")
 
       @prot.write_double((-1.0/0.0))
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "\"-Infinity\""
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("\"-Infinity\"")
     end
 
     if RUBY_VERSION >= '1.9'
       it 'should write string' do
         @prot.write_string('this is a test string')
         a = @trans.read(@trans.available)
-        a.should == '"this is a test string"'.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
-        a.encoding.should == Encoding::BINARY
+        expect(a).to eq('"this is a test string"'.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY))
+        expect(a.encoding).to eq(Encoding::BINARY)
       end
 
       it 'should write string with unicode characters' do
         @prot.write_string("this is a test string with unicode characters: \u20AC \u20AD")
         a = @trans.read(@trans.available)
-        a.should == "\"this is a test string with unicode characters: \u20AC \u20AD\"".force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY)
-        a.encoding.should == Encoding::BINARY
+        expect(a).to eq("\"this is a test string with unicode characters: \u20AC \u20AD\"".force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY))
+        expect(a.encoding).to eq(Encoding::BINARY)
       end
     else
       it 'should write string' do
         @prot.write_string('this is a test string')
-        @trans.read(@trans.available).should == '"this is a test string"'
+        expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq('"this is a test string"')
       end
     end
 
     it "should write binary" do
       @prot.write_binary("this is a base64 string")
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "\"dGhpcyBpcyBhIGJhc2U2NCBzdHJpbmc=\""
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("\"dGhpcyBpcyBhIGJhc2U2NCBzdHJpbmc=\"")
     end
 
     it "should write long binary" do
       @prot.write_binary((0...256).to_a.pack('C*'))
-      @trans.read(@trans.available).should == "\"AAECAwQFBgcICQoLDA0ODxAREhMUFRYXGBkaGxwdHh8gISIjJCUmJygpKissLS4vMDEyMzQ1Njc4OTo7PD0+P0BBQkNERUZHSElKS0xNTk9QUVJTVFVWV1hZWltcXV5fYGFiY2RlZmdoaWprbG1ub3BxcnN0dXZ3eHl6e3x9fn+AgYKDhIWGh4iJiouMjY6PkJGSk5SVlpeYmZqbnJ2en6ChoqOkpaanqKmqq6ytrq+wsbKztLW2t7i5uru8vb6/wMHCw8TFxsfIycrLzM3Oz9DR0tPU1dbX2Nna29zd3t/g4eLj5OXm5+jp6uvs7e7v8PHy8/T19vf4+fr7/P3+/w==\""
+      expect(@trans.read(@trans.available)).to eq("\"AAECAwQFBgcICQoLDA0ODxAREhMUFRYXGBkaGxwdHh8gISIjJCUmJygpKissLS4vMDEyMzQ1Njc4OTo7PD0+P0BBQkNERUZHSElKS0xNTk9QUVJTVFVWV1hZWltcXV5fYGFiY2RlZmdoaWprbG1ub3BxcnN0dXZ3eHl6e3x9fn+AgYKDhIWGh4iJiouMjY6PkJGSk5SVlpeYmZqbnJ2en6ChoqOkpaanqKmqq6ytrq+wsbKztLW2t7i5uru8vb6/wMHCw8TFxsfIycrLzM3Oz9DR0tPU1dbX2Nna29zd3t/g4eLj5OXm5+jp6uvs7e7v8PHy8/T19vf4+fr7/P3+/w==\"")
     end
 
     it "should get type name for type id" do
       expect {@prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::STOP)}.to raise_error(NotImplementedError)
       expect {@prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::VOID)}.to raise_error(NotImplementedError)
-      @prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::BOOL).should == "tf"
-      @prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::BYTE).should == "i8"
-      @prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::DOUBLE).should == "dbl"
-      @prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::I16).should == "i16"
-      @prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::I32).should == "i32"
-      @prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::I64).should == "i64"
-      @prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::STRING).should == "str"
-      @prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::STRUCT).should == "rec"
-      @prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::MAP).should == "map"
-      @prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::SET).should == "set"
-      @prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::LIST).should == "lst"
+      expect(@prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::BOOL)).to eq("tf")
+      expect(@prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::BYTE)).to eq("i8")
+      expect(@prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::DOUBLE)).to eq("dbl")
+      expect(@prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::I16)).to eq("i16")
+      expect(@prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::I32)).to eq("i32")
+      expect(@prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::I64)).to eq("i64")
+      expect(@prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::STRING)).to eq("str")
+      expect(@prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::STRUCT)).to eq("rec")
+      expect(@prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::MAP)).to eq("map")
+      expect(@prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::SET)).to eq("set")
+      expect(@prot.get_type_name_for_type_id(Thrift::Types::LIST)).to eq("lst")
     end
 
     it "should get type id for type name" do
       expect {@prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("pp")}.to raise_error(NotImplementedError)
-      @prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("tf").should == Thrift::Types::BOOL
-      @prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("i8").should == Thrift::Types::BYTE
-      @prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("dbl").should == Thrift::Types::DOUBLE
-      @prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("i16").should == Thrift::Types::I16
-      @prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("i32").should == Thrift::Types::I32
-      @prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("i64").should == Thrift::Types::I64
-      @prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("str").should == Thrift::Types::STRING
-      @prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("rec").should == Thrift::Types::STRUCT
-      @prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("map").should == Thrift::Types::MAP
-      @prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("set").should == Thrift::Types::SET
-      @prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("lst").should == Thrift::Types::LIST
+      expect(@prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("tf")).to eq(Thrift::Types::BOOL)
+      expect(@prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("i8")).to eq(Thrift::Types::BYTE)
+      expect(@prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("dbl")).to eq(Thrift::Types::DOUBLE)
+      expect(@prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("i16")).to eq(Thrift::Types::I16)
+      expect(@prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("i32")).to eq(Thrift::Types::I32)
+      expect(@prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("i64")).to eq(Thrift::Types::I64)
+      expect(@prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("str")).to eq(Thrift::Types::STRING)
+      expect(@prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("rec")).to eq(Thrift::Types::STRUCT)
+      expect(@prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("map")).to eq(Thrift::Types::MAP)
+      expect(@prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("set")).to eq(Thrift::Types::SET)
+      expect(@prot.get_type_id_for_type_name("lst")).to eq(Thrift::Types::LIST)
     end
 
     it "should read json syntax char" do
@@ -292,31 +292,31 @@
 
     it "should read json escape char" do
       @trans.write('0054')
-      @prot.read_json_escape_char.should == 'T'
+      expect(@prot.read_json_escape_char).to eq('T')
 
       @trans.write("\"\\\"\"")
-      @prot.read_json_string(false).should == "\""
+      expect(@prot.read_json_string(false)).to eq("\"")
 
       @trans.write("\"\\\\\"")
-      @prot.read_json_string(false).should == "\\"
+      expect(@prot.read_json_string(false)).to eq("\\")
 
       @trans.write("\"\\/\"")
-      @prot.read_json_string(false).should == "\/"
+      expect(@prot.read_json_string(false)).to eq("\/")
 
       @trans.write("\"\\b\"")
-      @prot.read_json_string(false).should == "\b"
+      expect(@prot.read_json_string(false)).to eq("\b")
 
       @trans.write("\"\\f\"")
-      @prot.read_json_string(false).should == "\f"
+      expect(@prot.read_json_string(false)).to eq("\f")
 
       @trans.write("\"\\n\"")
-      @prot.read_json_string(false).should == "\n"
+      expect(@prot.read_json_string(false)).to eq("\n")
 
       @trans.write("\"\\r\"")
-      @prot.read_json_string(false).should == "\r"
+      expect(@prot.read_json_string(false)).to eq("\r")
 
       @trans.write("\"\\t\"")
-      @prot.read_json_string(false).should == "\t"
+      expect(@prot.read_json_string(false)).to eq("\t")
     end
 
     it "should read json string" do
@@ -324,36 +324,36 @@
       expect {@prot.read_json_string(false)}.to raise_error(Thrift::ProtocolException)
 
       @trans.write("\"this is a test string\"")
-      @prot.read_json_string.should == "this is a test string"
+      expect(@prot.read_json_string).to eq("this is a test string")
     end
 
     it "should read json base64" do
       @trans.write("\"dGhpcyBpcyBhIHRlc3Qgc3RyaW5n\"")
-      @prot.read_json_base64.should == "this is a test string"
+      expect(@prot.read_json_base64).to eq("this is a test string")
     end
 
     it "should is json numeric" do
-      @prot.is_json_numeric("A").should == false
-      @prot.is_json_numeric("+").should == true
-      @prot.is_json_numeric("-").should == true
-      @prot.is_json_numeric(".").should == true
-      @prot.is_json_numeric("0").should == true
-      @prot.is_json_numeric("1").should == true
-      @prot.is_json_numeric("2").should == true
-      @prot.is_json_numeric("3").should == true
-      @prot.is_json_numeric("4").should == true
-      @prot.is_json_numeric("5").should == true
-      @prot.is_json_numeric("6").should == true
-      @prot.is_json_numeric("7").should == true
-      @prot.is_json_numeric("8").should == true
-      @prot.is_json_numeric("9").should == true
-      @prot.is_json_numeric("E").should == true
-      @prot.is_json_numeric("e").should == true
+      expect(@prot.is_json_numeric("A")).to eq(false)
+      expect(@prot.is_json_numeric("+")).to eq(true)
+      expect(@prot.is_json_numeric("-")).to eq(true)
+      expect(@prot.is_json_numeric(".")).to eq(true)
+      expect(@prot.is_json_numeric("0")).to eq(true)
+      expect(@prot.is_json_numeric("1")).to eq(true)
+      expect(@prot.is_json_numeric("2")).to eq(true)
+      expect(@prot.is_json_numeric("3")).to eq(true)
+      expect(@prot.is_json_numeric("4")).to eq(true)
+      expect(@prot.is_json_numeric("5")).to eq(true)
+      expect(@prot.is_json_numeric("6")).to eq(true)
+      expect(@prot.is_json_numeric("7")).to eq(true)
+      expect(@prot.is_json_numeric("8")).to eq(true)
+      expect(@prot.is_json_numeric("9")).to eq(true)
+      expect(@prot.is_json_numeric("E")).to eq(true)
+      expect(@prot.is_json_numeric("e")).to eq(true)
     end
 
     it "should read json numeric chars" do
       @trans.write("1.453E45T")
-      @prot.read_json_numeric_chars.should == "1.453E45"
+      expect(@prot.read_json_numeric_chars).to eq("1.453E45")
     end
 
     it "should read json integer" do
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@
       @prot.read_string
 
       @trans.write("1453T")
-      @prot.read_json_integer.should == 1453
+      expect(@prot.read_json_integer).to eq(1453)
     end
 
     it "should read json double" do
@@ -374,37 +374,37 @@
       expect {@prot.read_json_double}.to raise_error(Thrift::ProtocolException)
 
       @trans.write("1.453e01\"\"")
-      @prot.read_json_double.should == 14.53
+      expect(@prot.read_json_double).to eq(14.53)
       @prot.read_string
 
       @trans.write("\"NaN\"")
-      @prot.read_json_double.nan?.should == true
+      expect(@prot.read_json_double.nan?).to eq(true)
 
       @trans.write("\"Infinity\"")
-      @prot.read_json_double.should == +1.0/0.0
+      expect(@prot.read_json_double).to eq(+1.0/0.0)
 
       @trans.write("\"-Infinity\"")
-      @prot.read_json_double.should == -1.0/0.0
+      expect(@prot.read_json_double).to eq(-1.0/0.0)
     end
 
     it "should read json object start" do
       @trans.write("{")
-      @prot.read_json_object_start.should == nil
+      expect(@prot.read_json_object_start).to eq(nil)
     end
 
     it "should read json object end" do
       @trans.write("}")
-      @prot.read_json_object_end.should == nil
+      expect(@prot.read_json_object_end).to eq(nil)
     end
 
     it "should read json array start" do
       @trans.write("[")
-      @prot.read_json_array_start.should == nil
+      expect(@prot.read_json_array_start).to eq(nil)
     end
 
     it "should read json array end" do
       @trans.write("]")
-      @prot.read_json_array_end.should == nil
+      expect(@prot.read_json_array_end).to eq(nil)
     end
 
     it "should read_message_begin" do
@@ -412,141 +412,141 @@
       expect {@prot.read_message_begin}.to raise_error(Thrift::ProtocolException)
 
       @trans.write("[1,\"name\",12,32\"\"")
-      @prot.read_message_begin.should == ["name", 12, 32]
+      expect(@prot.read_message_begin).to eq(["name", 12, 32])
     end
 
     it "should read message end" do
       @trans.write("]")
-      @prot.read_message_end.should == nil
+      expect(@prot.read_message_end).to eq(nil)
     end
 
     it "should read struct begin" do
       @trans.write("{")
-      @prot.read_struct_begin.should == nil
+      expect(@prot.read_struct_begin).to eq(nil)
     end
 
     it "should read struct end" do
       @trans.write("}")
-      @prot.read_struct_end.should == nil
+      expect(@prot.read_struct_end).to eq(nil)
     end
 
     it "should read field begin" do
       @trans.write("1{\"rec\"")
-      @prot.read_field_begin.should == [nil, 12, 1]
+      expect(@prot.read_field_begin).to eq([nil, 12, 1])
     end
 
     it "should read field end" do
       @trans.write("}")
-      @prot.read_field_end.should == nil
+      expect(@prot.read_field_end).to eq(nil)
     end
 
     it "should read map begin" do
       @trans.write("[\"rec\",\"lst\",2,{")
-      @prot.read_map_begin.should == [12, 15, 2]
+      expect(@prot.read_map_begin).to eq([12, 15, 2])
     end
 
     it "should read map end" do
       @trans.write("}]")
-      @prot.read_map_end.should == nil
+      expect(@prot.read_map_end).to eq(nil)
     end
 
     it "should read list begin" do
       @trans.write("[\"rec\",2\"\"")
-      @prot.read_list_begin.should == [12, 2]
+      expect(@prot.read_list_begin).to eq([12, 2])
     end
 
     it "should read list end" do
       @trans.write("]")
-      @prot.read_list_end.should == nil
+      expect(@prot.read_list_end).to eq(nil)
     end
 
     it "should read set begin" do
       @trans.write("[\"rec\",2\"\"")
-      @prot.read_set_begin.should == [12, 2]
+      expect(@prot.read_set_begin).to eq([12, 2])
     end
 
     it "should read set end" do
       @trans.write("]")
-      @prot.read_set_end.should == nil
+      expect(@prot.read_set_end).to eq(nil)
     end
 
     it "should read bool" do
       @trans.write("0\"\"")
-      @prot.read_bool.should == false
+      expect(@prot.read_bool).to eq(false)
       @prot.read_string
 
       @trans.write("1\"\"")
-      @prot.read_bool.should == true
+      expect(@prot.read_bool).to eq(true)
     end
 
     it "should read byte" do
       @trans.write("60\"\"")
-      @prot.read_byte.should == 60
+      expect(@prot.read_byte).to eq(60)
     end
 
     it "should read i16" do
       @trans.write("1000\"\"")
-      @prot.read_i16.should == 1000
+      expect(@prot.read_i16).to eq(1000)
     end
 
     it "should read i32" do
       @trans.write("3000000000\"\"")
-      @prot.read_i32.should == 3000000000
+      expect(@prot.read_i32).to eq(3000000000)
     end
 
     it "should read i64" do
       @trans.write("6000000000\"\"")
-      @prot.read_i64.should == 6000000000
+      expect(@prot.read_i64).to eq(6000000000)
     end
 
     it "should read double" do
       @trans.write("12.23\"\"")
-      @prot.read_double.should == 12.23
+      expect(@prot.read_double).to eq(12.23)
     end
 
     if RUBY_VERSION >= '1.9'
       it 'should read string' do
         @trans.write('"this is a test string"'.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY))
         a = @prot.read_string
-        a.should == 'this is a test string'
-        a.encoding.should == Encoding::UTF_8
+        expect(a).to eq('this is a test string')
+        expect(a.encoding).to eq(Encoding::UTF_8)
       end
 
       it 'should read string with unicode characters' do
         @trans.write('"this is a test string with unicode characters: \u20AC \u20AD"'.force_encoding(Encoding::BINARY))
         a = @prot.read_string
-        a.should == "this is a test string with unicode characters: \u20AC \u20AD"
-        a.encoding.should == Encoding::UTF_8
+        expect(a).to eq("this is a test string with unicode characters: \u20AC \u20AD")
+        expect(a.encoding).to eq(Encoding::UTF_8)
       end
     else
       it 'should read string' do
         @trans.write('"this is a test string"')
-        @prot.read_string.should == 'this is a test string'
+        expect(@prot.read_string).to eq('this is a test string')
       end
     end
 
     it "should read binary" do
       @trans.write("\"dGhpcyBpcyBhIHRlc3Qgc3RyaW5n\"")
-      @prot.read_binary.should == "this is a test string"
+      expect(@prot.read_binary).to eq("this is a test string")
     end
 
     it "should read long binary" do
       @trans.write("\"AAECAwQFBgcICQoLDA0ODxAREhMUFRYXGBkaGxwdHh8gISIjJCUmJygpKissLS4vMDEyMzQ1Njc4OTo7PD0+P0BBQkNERUZHSElKS0xNTk9QUVJTVFVWV1hZWltcXV5fYGFiY2RlZmdoaWprbG1ub3BxcnN0dXZ3eHl6e3x9fn+AgYKDhIWGh4iJiouMjY6PkJGSk5SVlpeYmZqbnJ2en6ChoqOkpaanqKmqq6ytrq+wsbKztLW2t7i5uru8vb6/wMHCw8TFxsfIycrLzM3Oz9DR0tPU1dbX2Nna29zd3t/g4eLj5OXm5+jp6uvs7e7v8PHy8/T19vf4+fr7/P3+/w==\"")
-      @prot.read_binary.bytes.to_a.should == (0...256).to_a
+      expect(@prot.read_binary.bytes.to_a).to eq((0...256).to_a)
     end
   
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      @prot.to_s.should == "json(memory)"
+      expect(@prot.to_s).to eq("json(memory)")
     end
   end
 
   describe Thrift::JsonProtocolFactory do
     it "should create a JsonProtocol" do
-      Thrift::JsonProtocolFactory.new.get_protocol(mock("MockTransport")).should be_instance_of(Thrift::JsonProtocol)
+      expect(Thrift::JsonProtocolFactory.new.get_protocol(double("MockTransport"))).to be_instance_of(Thrift::JsonProtocol)
     end
 
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      Thrift::JsonProtocolFactory.new.to_s.should == "json"
+      expect(Thrift::JsonProtocolFactory.new.to_s).to eq("json")
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/namespaced_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/namespaced_spec.rb
index 31379d9..4d6d369 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/namespaced_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/namespaced_spec.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
      "other_namespace/referenced_constants.rb",
      "other_namespace/referenced_types.rb"
     ].each do |name|
-      File.exist?(File.join(prefix, name)).should be_true
+      expect(File.exist?(File.join(prefix, name))).to be_truthy
     end
   end
 
@@ -44,20 +44,20 @@
      "referenced_constants.rb",
      "referenced_types.rb"
     ].each do |name|
-      File.exist?(File.join(prefix, name)).should_not be_true
+      expect(File.exist?(File.join(prefix, name))).not_to be_truthy
     end
   end
 
   it "has a service class in the right place" do
-    defined?(NamespacedSpecNamespace::NamespacedNonblockingService).should be_true
+    expect(defined?(NamespacedSpecNamespace::NamespacedNonblockingService)).to be_truthy
   end
 
   it "has a struct in the right place" do
-    defined?(NamespacedSpecNamespace::Hello).should be_true
+    expect(defined?(NamespacedSpecNamespace::Hello)).to be_truthy
   end
 
   it "required an included file" do
-    defined?(OtherNamespace::SomeEnum).should be_true
+    expect(defined?(OtherNamespace::SomeEnum)).to be_truthy
   end
 
   it "extended a service" do
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/nonblocking_server_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/nonblocking_server_spec.rb
index 712cf45..613d883 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/nonblocking_server_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/nonblocking_server_spec.rb
@@ -176,8 +176,8 @@
 
     it "should handle basic message passing" do
       client = setup_client
-      client.greeting(true).should == SpecNamespace::Hello.new
-      client.greeting(false).should == SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => 'Aloha!')
+      expect(client.greeting(true)).to eq(SpecNamespace::Hello.new)
+      expect(client.greeting(false)).to eq(SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => 'Aloha!'))
       @server.shutdown
     end
 
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@
       end
       4.times { trans_queue.pop }
       setup_client.unblock(4)
-      4.times { queue.pop.should be_true }
+      4.times { expect(queue.pop).to be_truthy }
       @server.shutdown
     end
 
@@ -212,15 +212,15 @@
       queues[4] << :hello
       queues[5] << :hello
       queues[6] << :hello
-      3.times { result.pop.should == SpecNamespace::Hello.new }
-      client.greeting(true).should == SpecNamespace::Hello.new
+      3.times { expect(result.pop).to eq(SpecNamespace::Hello.new) }
+      expect(client.greeting(true)).to eq(SpecNamespace::Hello.new)
       queues[5] << [:unblock, 4]
-      4.times { result.pop.should be_true }
+      4.times { expect(result.pop).to be_truthy }
       queues[2] << :hello
-      result.pop.should == SpecNamespace::Hello.new
-      client.greeting(false).should == SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => 'Aloha!')
+      expect(result.pop).to eq(SpecNamespace::Hello.new)
+      expect(client.greeting(false)).to eq(SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => 'Aloha!'))
       7.times { queues.shift << :exit }
-      client.greeting(true).should == SpecNamespace::Hello.new
+      expect(client.greeting(true)).to eq(SpecNamespace::Hello.new)
       @server.shutdown
     end
 
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@
       client = setup_client
       client.greeting(false) # force a message pass
       @server.shutdown
-      @server_thread.join(2).should be_an_instance_of(Thread)
+      expect(@server_thread.join(2)).to be_an_instance_of(Thread)
     end
 
     it "should continue processing active messages when shutting down" do
@@ -238,8 +238,8 @@
       client << :sleep
       sleep 0.1 # give the server time to start processing the client's message
       @server.shutdown
-      @server_thread.join(2).should be_an_instance_of(Thread)
-      result.pop.should == :slept
+      expect(@server_thread.join(2)).to be_an_instance_of(Thread)
+      expect(result.pop).to eq(:slept)
     end
 
     it "should kill active messages when they don't expire while shutting down" do
@@ -249,15 +249,15 @@
       sleep 0.1 # start processing the client's message
       @server.shutdown(1)
       @catch_exceptions = true
-      @server_thread.join(3).should_not be_nil
-      result.should be_empty
+      expect(@server_thread.join(3)).not_to be_nil
+      expect(result).to be_empty
     end
 
     it "should allow shutting down in response to a message" do
       client = setup_client
-      client.greeting(true).should == SpecNamespace::Hello.new
+      expect(client.greeting(true)).to eq(SpecNamespace::Hello.new)
       client.shutdown
-      @server_thread.join(2).should_not be_nil
+      expect(@server_thread.join(2)).not_to be_nil
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/processor_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/processor_spec.rb
index 989f5cc..d30553f 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/processor_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/processor_spec.rb
@@ -27,52 +27,52 @@
 
   describe Thrift::Processor do
     before(:each) do
-      @processor = ProcessorSpec.new(mock("MockHandler"))
-      @prot = mock("MockProtocol")
+      @processor = ProcessorSpec.new(double("MockHandler"))
+      @prot = double("MockProtocol")
     end
 
     def mock_trans(obj)
-      obj.should_receive(:trans).ordered.and_return do
-        mock("trans").tap do |trans|
-          trans.should_receive(:flush).ordered
+      expect(obj).to receive(:trans).ordered do
+        double("trans").tap do |trans|
+          expect(trans).to receive(:flush).ordered
         end
       end
     end
 
     it "should call process_<message> when it receives that message" do
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_message_begin).ordered.and_return ['testMessage', Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 17]
-      @processor.should_receive(:process_testMessage).with(17, @prot, @prot).ordered
-      @processor.process(@prot, @prot).should == true
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_message_begin).ordered.and_return ['testMessage', Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 17]
+      expect(@processor).to receive(:process_testMessage).with(17, @prot, @prot).ordered
+      expect(@processor.process(@prot, @prot)).to eq(true)
     end
 
     it "should raise an ApplicationException when the received message cannot be processed" do
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_message_begin).ordered.and_return ['testMessage', Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 4]
-      @prot.should_receive(:skip).with(Thrift::Types::STRUCT).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_message_end).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_message_begin).with('testMessage', Thrift::MessageTypes::EXCEPTION, 4).ordered
-      e = mock(Thrift::ApplicationException)
-      e.should_receive(:write).with(@prot).ordered
-      Thrift::ApplicationException.should_receive(:new).with(Thrift::ApplicationException::UNKNOWN_METHOD, "Unknown function testMessage").and_return(e)
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_message_end).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_message_begin).ordered.and_return ['testMessage', Thrift::MessageTypes::CALL, 4]
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:skip).with(Thrift::Types::STRUCT).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_message_end).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_message_begin).with('testMessage', Thrift::MessageTypes::EXCEPTION, 4).ordered
+      e = double(Thrift::ApplicationException)
+      expect(e).to receive(:write).with(@prot).ordered
+      expect(Thrift::ApplicationException).to receive(:new).with(Thrift::ApplicationException::UNKNOWN_METHOD, "Unknown function testMessage").and_return(e)
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_message_end).ordered
       mock_trans(@prot)
       @processor.process(@prot, @prot)
     end
 
     it "should pass args off to the args class" do
-      args_class = mock("MockArgsClass")
-      args = mock("#<MockArgsClass:mock>").tap do |args|
-        args.should_receive(:read).with(@prot).ordered
+      args_class = double("MockArgsClass")
+      args = double("#<MockArgsClass:mock>").tap do |args|
+        expect(args).to receive(:read).with(@prot).ordered
       end
-      args_class.should_receive(:new).and_return args
-      @prot.should_receive(:read_message_end).ordered
-      @processor.read_args(@prot, args_class).should eql(args)
+      expect(args_class).to receive(:new).and_return args
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:read_message_end).ordered
+      expect(@processor.read_args(@prot, args_class)).to eql(args)
     end
 
     it "should write out a reply when asked" do
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_message_begin).with('testMessage', Thrift::MessageTypes::REPLY, 23).ordered
-      result = mock("MockResult")
-      result.should_receive(:write).with(@prot).ordered
-      @prot.should_receive(:write_message_end).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_message_begin).with('testMessage', Thrift::MessageTypes::REPLY, 23).ordered
+      result = double("MockResult")
+      expect(result).to receive(:write).with(@prot).ordered
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:write_message_end).ordered
       mock_trans(@prot)
       @processor.write_result(result, @prot, 'testMessage', 23)
     end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/serializer_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/serializer_spec.rb
index 599b454..2a7dc6d 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/serializer_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/serializer_spec.rb
@@ -25,19 +25,19 @@
     it "should serialize structs to binary by default" do
       serializer = Thrift::Serializer.new(Thrift::BinaryProtocolAcceleratedFactory.new)
       data = serializer.serialize(SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => "'Ello guv'nor!"))
-      data.should == "\x0B\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x0E'Ello guv'nor!\x00"
+      expect(data).to eq("\x0B\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x0E'Ello guv'nor!\x00")
     end
 
     it "should serialize structs to the given protocol" do
-      protocol = Thrift::BaseProtocol.new(mock("transport"))
-      protocol.should_receive(:write_struct_begin).with("SpecNamespace::Hello")
-      protocol.should_receive(:write_field_begin).with("greeting", Thrift::Types::STRING, 1)
-      protocol.should_receive(:write_string).with("Good day")
-      protocol.should_receive(:write_field_end)
-      protocol.should_receive(:write_field_stop)
-      protocol.should_receive(:write_struct_end)
-      protocol_factory = mock("ProtocolFactory")
-      protocol_factory.stub!(:get_protocol).and_return(protocol)
+      protocol = Thrift::BaseProtocol.new(double("transport"))
+      expect(protocol).to receive(:write_struct_begin).with("SpecNamespace::Hello")
+      expect(protocol).to receive(:write_field_begin).with("greeting", Thrift::Types::STRING, 1)
+      expect(protocol).to receive(:write_string).with("Good day")
+      expect(protocol).to receive(:write_field_end)
+      expect(protocol).to receive(:write_field_stop)
+      expect(protocol).to receive(:write_struct_end)
+      protocol_factory = double("ProtocolFactory")
+      allow(protocol_factory).to receive(:get_protocol).and_return(protocol)
       serializer = Thrift::Serializer.new(protocol_factory)
       serializer.serialize(SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => "Good day"))
     end
@@ -47,21 +47,21 @@
     it "should deserialize structs from binary by default" do
       deserializer = Thrift::Deserializer.new
       data = "\x0B\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x0E'Ello guv'nor!\x00"
-      deserializer.deserialize(SpecNamespace::Hello.new, data).should == SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => "'Ello guv'nor!")
+      expect(deserializer.deserialize(SpecNamespace::Hello.new, data)).to eq(SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => "'Ello guv'nor!"))
     end
 
     it "should deserialize structs from the given protocol" do
-      protocol = Thrift::BaseProtocol.new(mock("transport"))
-      protocol.should_receive(:read_struct_begin).and_return("SpecNamespace::Hello")
-      protocol.should_receive(:read_field_begin).and_return(["greeting", Thrift::Types::STRING, 1],
+      protocol = Thrift::BaseProtocol.new(double("transport"))
+      expect(protocol).to receive(:read_struct_begin).and_return("SpecNamespace::Hello")
+      expect(protocol).to receive(:read_field_begin).and_return(["greeting", Thrift::Types::STRING, 1],
                                                             [nil, Thrift::Types::STOP, 0])
-      protocol.should_receive(:read_string).and_return("Good day")
-      protocol.should_receive(:read_field_end)
-      protocol.should_receive(:read_struct_end)
-      protocol_factory = mock("ProtocolFactory")
-      protocol_factory.stub!(:get_protocol).and_return(protocol)
+      expect(protocol).to receive(:read_string).and_return("Good day")
+      expect(protocol).to receive(:read_field_end)
+      expect(protocol).to receive(:read_struct_end)
+      protocol_factory = double("ProtocolFactory")
+      allow(protocol_factory).to receive(:get_protocol).and_return(protocol)
       deserializer = Thrift::Deserializer.new(protocol_factory)
-      deserializer.deserialize(SpecNamespace::Hello.new, "").should == SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => "Good day")
+      expect(deserializer.deserialize(SpecNamespace::Hello.new, "")).to eq(SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => "Good day"))
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/server_socket_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/server_socket_spec.rb
index 126948f..ec9e550 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/server_socket_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/server_socket_spec.rb
@@ -28,57 +28,57 @@
     end
 
     it "should create a handle when calling listen" do
-      TCPServer.should_receive(:new).with(nil, 1234)
+      expect(TCPServer).to receive(:new).with(nil, 1234)
       @socket.listen
     end
 
     it "should accept an optional host argument" do
       @socket = Thrift::ServerSocket.new('localhost', 1234)
-      TCPServer.should_receive(:new).with('localhost', 1234)
+      expect(TCPServer).to receive(:new).with('localhost', 1234)
       @socket.to_s == "server(localhost:1234)"
       @socket.listen
     end
 
     it "should create a Thrift::Socket to wrap accepted sockets" do
-      handle = mock("TCPServer")
-      TCPServer.should_receive(:new).with(nil, 1234).and_return(handle)
+      handle = double("TCPServer")
+      expect(TCPServer).to receive(:new).with(nil, 1234).and_return(handle)
       @socket.listen
-      sock = mock("sock")
-      handle.should_receive(:accept).and_return(sock)
-      trans = mock("Socket")
-      Thrift::Socket.should_receive(:new).and_return(trans)
-      trans.should_receive(:handle=).with(sock)
-      @socket.accept.should == trans
+      sock = double("sock")
+      expect(handle).to receive(:accept).and_return(sock)
+      trans = double("Socket")
+      expect(Thrift::Socket).to receive(:new).and_return(trans)
+      expect(trans).to receive(:handle=).with(sock)
+      expect(@socket.accept).to eq(trans)
     end
 
     it "should close the handle when closed" do
-      handle = mock("TCPServer", :closed? => false)
-      TCPServer.should_receive(:new).with(nil, 1234).and_return(handle)
+      handle = double("TCPServer", :closed? => false)
+      expect(TCPServer).to receive(:new).with(nil, 1234).and_return(handle)
       @socket.listen
-      handle.should_receive(:close)
+      expect(handle).to receive(:close)
       @socket.close
     end
 
     it "should return nil when accepting if there is no handle" do
-      @socket.accept.should be_nil
+      expect(@socket.accept).to be_nil
     end
 
     it "should return true for closed? when appropriate" do
-      handle = mock("TCPServer", :closed? => false)
-      TCPServer.stub!(:new).and_return(handle)
+      handle = double("TCPServer", :closed? => false)
+      allow(TCPServer).to receive(:new).and_return(handle)
       @socket.listen
-      @socket.should_not be_closed
-      handle.stub!(:close)
+      expect(@socket).not_to be_closed
+      allow(handle).to receive(:close)
       @socket.close
-      @socket.should be_closed
+      expect(@socket).to be_closed
       @socket.listen
-      @socket.should_not be_closed
-      handle.stub!(:closed?).and_return(true)
-      @socket.should be_closed
+      expect(@socket).not_to be_closed
+      allow(handle).to receive(:closed?).and_return(true)
+      expect(@socket).to be_closed
     end
 
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      @socket.to_s.should == "socket(:1234)"
+      expect(@socket.to_s).to eq("socket(:1234)")
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/server_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/server_spec.rb
index bc4d598..ee58c7c 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/server_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/server_spec.rb
@@ -22,17 +22,17 @@
 
   describe Thrift::BaseServer do
     before(:each) do
-      @processor = mock("Processor")
-      @serverTrans = mock("ServerTransport")
-      @trans = mock("BaseTransport")
-      @prot = mock("BaseProtocol")
+      @processor = double("Processor")
+      @serverTrans = double("ServerTransport")
+      @trans = double("BaseTransport")
+      @prot = double("BaseProtocol")
       @server = described_class.new(@processor, @serverTrans, @trans, @prot)
     end
 
     it "should default to BaseTransportFactory and BinaryProtocolFactory when not specified" do
-      @server = Thrift::BaseServer.new(mock("Processor"), mock("BaseServerTransport"))
-      @server.instance_variable_get(:'@transport_factory').should be_an_instance_of(Thrift::BaseTransportFactory)
-      @server.instance_variable_get(:'@protocol_factory').should be_an_instance_of(Thrift::BinaryProtocolFactory)
+      @server = Thrift::BaseServer.new(double("Processor"), double("BaseServerTransport"))
+      expect(@server.instance_variable_get(:'@transport_factory')).to be_an_instance_of(Thrift::BaseTransportFactory)
+      expect(@server.instance_variable_get(:'@protocol_factory')).to be_an_instance_of(Thrift::BinaryProtocolFactory)
     end
 
     it "should not serve" do
@@ -40,107 +40,107 @@
     end
     
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      @serverTrans.should_receive(:to_s).once.and_return("serverTrans")
-      @trans.should_receive(:to_s).once.and_return("trans")
-      @prot.should_receive(:to_s).once.and_return("prot")
-      @server.to_s.should == "server(prot(trans(serverTrans)))"
+      expect(@serverTrans).to receive(:to_s).once.and_return("serverTrans")
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:to_s).once.and_return("trans")
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:to_s).once.and_return("prot")
+      expect(@server.to_s).to eq("server(prot(trans(serverTrans)))")
     end
   end
 
   describe Thrift::SimpleServer do
     before(:each) do
-      @processor = mock("Processor")
-      @serverTrans = mock("ServerTransport")
-      @trans = mock("BaseTransport")
-      @prot = mock("BaseProtocol")
-      @client = mock("Client")
+      @processor = double("Processor")
+      @serverTrans = double("ServerTransport")
+      @trans = double("BaseTransport")
+      @prot = double("BaseProtocol")
+      @client = double("Client")
       @server = described_class.new(@processor, @serverTrans, @trans, @prot)
     end
     
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      @serverTrans.should_receive(:to_s).once.and_return("serverTrans")
-      @trans.should_receive(:to_s).once.and_return("trans")
-      @prot.should_receive(:to_s).once.and_return("prot")
-      @server.to_s.should == "simple(server(prot(trans(serverTrans))))"
+      expect(@serverTrans).to receive(:to_s).once.and_return("serverTrans")
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:to_s).once.and_return("trans")
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:to_s).once.and_return("prot")
+      expect(@server.to_s).to eq("simple(server(prot(trans(serverTrans))))")
     end
     
     it "should serve in the main thread" do
-      @serverTrans.should_receive(:listen).ordered
-      @serverTrans.should_receive(:accept).exactly(3).times.and_return(@client)
-      @trans.should_receive(:get_transport).exactly(3).times.with(@client).and_return(@trans)
-      @prot.should_receive(:get_protocol).exactly(3).times.with(@trans).and_return(@prot)
+      expect(@serverTrans).to receive(:listen).ordered
+      expect(@serverTrans).to receive(:accept).exactly(3).times.and_return(@client)
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:get_transport).exactly(3).times.with(@client).and_return(@trans)
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:get_protocol).exactly(3).times.with(@trans).and_return(@prot)
       x = 0
-      @processor.should_receive(:process).exactly(3).times.with(@prot, @prot).and_return do
+      expect(@processor).to receive(:process).exactly(3).times.with(@prot, @prot) do
         case (x += 1)
         when 1 then raise Thrift::TransportException
         when 2 then raise Thrift::ProtocolException
         when 3 then throw :stop
         end
       end
-      @trans.should_receive(:close).exactly(3).times
-      @serverTrans.should_receive(:close).ordered
-      lambda { @server.serve }.should throw_symbol(:stop)
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:close).exactly(3).times
+      expect(@serverTrans).to receive(:close).ordered
+      expect { @server.serve }.to throw_symbol(:stop)
     end
   end
 
   describe Thrift::ThreadedServer do
     before(:each) do
-      @processor = mock("Processor")
-      @serverTrans = mock("ServerTransport")
-      @trans = mock("BaseTransport")
-      @prot = mock("BaseProtocol")
-      @client = mock("Client")
+      @processor = double("Processor")
+      @serverTrans = double("ServerTransport")
+      @trans = double("BaseTransport")
+      @prot = double("BaseProtocol")
+      @client = double("Client")
       @server = described_class.new(@processor, @serverTrans, @trans, @prot)
     end
 
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      @serverTrans.should_receive(:to_s).once.and_return("serverTrans")
-      @trans.should_receive(:to_s).once.and_return("trans")
-      @prot.should_receive(:to_s).once.and_return("prot")
-      @server.to_s.should == "threaded(server(prot(trans(serverTrans))))"
+      expect(@serverTrans).to receive(:to_s).once.and_return("serverTrans")
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:to_s).once.and_return("trans")
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:to_s).once.and_return("prot")
+      expect(@server.to_s).to eq("threaded(server(prot(trans(serverTrans))))")
     end
     
     it "should serve using threads" do
-      @serverTrans.should_receive(:listen).ordered
-      @serverTrans.should_receive(:accept).exactly(3).times.and_return(@client)
-      @trans.should_receive(:get_transport).exactly(3).times.with(@client).and_return(@trans)
-      @prot.should_receive(:get_protocol).exactly(3).times.with(@trans).and_return(@prot)
-      Thread.should_receive(:new).with(@prot, @trans).exactly(3).times.and_yield(@prot, @trans)
+      expect(@serverTrans).to receive(:listen).ordered
+      expect(@serverTrans).to receive(:accept).exactly(3).times.and_return(@client)
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:get_transport).exactly(3).times.with(@client).and_return(@trans)
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:get_protocol).exactly(3).times.with(@trans).and_return(@prot)
+      expect(Thread).to receive(:new).with(@prot, @trans).exactly(3).times.and_yield(@prot, @trans)
       x = 0
-      @processor.should_receive(:process).exactly(3).times.with(@prot, @prot).and_return do
+      expect(@processor).to receive(:process).exactly(3).times.with(@prot, @prot) do
         case (x += 1)
         when 1 then raise Thrift::TransportException
         when 2 then raise Thrift::ProtocolException
         when 3 then throw :stop
         end
       end
-      @trans.should_receive(:close).exactly(3).times
-      @serverTrans.should_receive(:close).ordered
-      lambda { @server.serve }.should throw_symbol(:stop)
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:close).exactly(3).times
+      expect(@serverTrans).to receive(:close).ordered
+      expect { @server.serve }.to throw_symbol(:stop)
     end
   end
 
   describe Thrift::ThreadPoolServer do
     before(:each) do
-      @processor = mock("Processor")
-      @server_trans = mock("ServerTransport")
-      @trans = mock("BaseTransport")
-      @prot = mock("BaseProtocol")
-      @client = mock("Client")
+      @processor = double("Processor")
+      @server_trans = double("ServerTransport")
+      @trans = double("BaseTransport")
+      @prot = double("BaseProtocol")
+      @client = double("Client")
       @server = described_class.new(@processor, @server_trans, @trans, @prot)
       sleep(0.15)
     end
 
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      @server_trans.should_receive(:to_s).once.and_return("server_trans")
-      @trans.should_receive(:to_s).once.and_return("trans")
-      @prot.should_receive(:to_s).once.and_return("prot")
-      @server.to_s.should == "threadpool(server(prot(trans(server_trans))))"
+      expect(@server_trans).to receive(:to_s).once.and_return("server_trans")
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:to_s).once.and_return("trans")
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:to_s).once.and_return("prot")
+      expect(@server.to_s).to eq("threadpool(server(prot(trans(server_trans))))")
     end
     
     it "should serve inside a thread" do
       exception_q = @server.instance_variable_get(:@exception_q)
-      described_class.any_instance.should_receive(:serve) do 
+      expect_any_instance_of(described_class).to receive(:serve) do 
         exception_q.push(StandardError.new('ERROR'))
       end
       expect { @server.rescuable_serve }.to(raise_error('ERROR'))
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
 
     it "should avoid running the server twice when retrying rescuable_serve" do
       exception_q = @server.instance_variable_get(:@exception_q)
-      described_class.any_instance.should_receive(:serve) do 
+      expect_any_instance_of(described_class).to receive(:serve) do 
         exception_q.push(StandardError.new('ERROR1'))
         exception_q.push(StandardError.new('ERROR2'))
       end
@@ -157,29 +157,29 @@
     end
 
     it "should serve using a thread pool" do
-      thread_q = mock("SizedQueue")
-      exception_q = mock("Queue")
+      thread_q = double("SizedQueue")
+      exception_q = double("Queue")
       @server.instance_variable_set(:@thread_q, thread_q)
       @server.instance_variable_set(:@exception_q, exception_q)
-      @server_trans.should_receive(:listen).ordered
-      thread_q.should_receive(:push).with(:token)
-      thread_q.should_receive(:pop)
-      Thread.should_receive(:new).and_yield
-      @server_trans.should_receive(:accept).exactly(3).times.and_return(@client)
-      @trans.should_receive(:get_transport).exactly(3).times.and_return(@trans)
-      @prot.should_receive(:get_protocol).exactly(3).times.and_return(@prot)
+      expect(@server_trans).to receive(:listen).ordered
+      expect(thread_q).to receive(:push).with(:token)
+      expect(thread_q).to receive(:pop)
+      expect(Thread).to receive(:new).and_yield
+      expect(@server_trans).to receive(:accept).exactly(3).times.and_return(@client)
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:get_transport).exactly(3).times.and_return(@trans)
+      expect(@prot).to receive(:get_protocol).exactly(3).times.and_return(@prot)
       x = 0
       error = RuntimeError.new("Stopped")
-      @processor.should_receive(:process).exactly(3).times.with(@prot, @prot).and_return do
+      expect(@processor).to receive(:process).exactly(3).times.with(@prot, @prot) do
         case (x += 1)
         when 1 then raise Thrift::TransportException
         when 2 then raise Thrift::ProtocolException
         when 3 then raise error
         end
       end
-      @trans.should_receive(:close).exactly(3).times
-      exception_q.should_receive(:push).with(error).and_throw(:stop)
-      @server_trans.should_receive(:close)
+      expect(@trans).to receive(:close).exactly(3).times
+      expect(exception_q).to receive(:push).with(error).and_throw(:stop)
+      expect(@server_trans).to receive(:close)
       expect { @server.serve }.to(throw_symbol(:stop))
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/socket_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/socket_spec.rb
index df56ba5..202c745 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/socket_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/socket_spec.rb
@@ -25,44 +25,44 @@
   describe Thrift::Socket do
     before(:each) do
       @socket = Thrift::Socket.new
-      @handle = mock("Handle", :closed? => false)
-      @handle.stub!(:close)
-      @handle.stub!(:connect_nonblock)
-      @handle.stub!(:setsockopt)
-      ::Socket.stub!(:new).and_return(@handle)
+      @handle = double("Handle", :closed? => false)
+      allow(@handle).to receive(:close)
+      allow(@handle).to receive(:connect_nonblock)
+      allow(@handle).to receive(:setsockopt)
+      allow(::Socket).to receive(:new).and_return(@handle)
     end
 
     it_should_behave_like "a socket"
 
     it "should raise a TransportException when it cannot open a socket" do
-      ::Socket.should_receive(:getaddrinfo).with("localhost", 9090, nil, ::Socket::SOCK_STREAM).and_return([[]])
-      lambda { @socket.open }.should raise_error(Thrift::TransportException) { |e| e.type.should == Thrift::TransportException::NOT_OPEN }
+      expect(::Socket).to receive(:getaddrinfo).with("localhost", 9090, nil, ::Socket::SOCK_STREAM).and_return([[]])
+      expect { @socket.open }.to raise_error(Thrift::TransportException) { |e| expect(e.type).to eq(Thrift::TransportException::NOT_OPEN) }
     end
 
     it "should open a ::Socket with default args" do
-      ::Socket.should_receive(:new).and_return(mock("Handle", :connect_nonblock => true, :setsockopt => nil))
-      ::Socket.should_receive(:getaddrinfo).with("localhost", 9090, nil, ::Socket::SOCK_STREAM).and_return([[]])
-      ::Socket.should_receive(:sockaddr_in)
+      expect(::Socket).to receive(:new).and_return(double("Handle", :connect_nonblock => true, :setsockopt => nil))
+      expect(::Socket).to receive(:getaddrinfo).with("localhost", 9090, nil, ::Socket::SOCK_STREAM).and_return([[]])
+      expect(::Socket).to receive(:sockaddr_in)
       @socket.to_s == "socket(localhost:9090)"
       @socket.open
     end
 
     it "should accept host/port options" do
-      ::Socket.should_receive(:new).and_return(mock("Handle", :connect_nonblock => true, :setsockopt => nil))
-      ::Socket.should_receive(:getaddrinfo).with("my.domain", 1234, nil, ::Socket::SOCK_STREAM).and_return([[]])
-      ::Socket.should_receive(:sockaddr_in)
+      expect(::Socket).to receive(:new).and_return(double("Handle", :connect_nonblock => true, :setsockopt => nil))
+      expect(::Socket).to receive(:getaddrinfo).with("my.domain", 1234, nil, ::Socket::SOCK_STREAM).and_return([[]])
+      expect(::Socket).to receive(:sockaddr_in)
       @socket = Thrift::Socket.new('my.domain', 1234).open
       @socket.to_s == "socket(my.domain:1234)"
     end
 
     it "should accept an optional timeout" do
-      ::Socket.stub!(:new)
-      Thrift::Socket.new('localhost', 8080, 5).timeout.should == 5
+      allow(::Socket).to receive(:new)
+      expect(Thrift::Socket.new('localhost', 8080, 5).timeout).to eq(5)
     end
 
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      ::Socket.stub!(:new)
-      Thrift::Socket.new('myhost', 8090).to_s.should == "socket(myhost:8090)"
+      allow(::Socket).to receive(:new)
+      expect(Thrift::Socket.new('myhost', 8090).to_s).to eq("socket(myhost:8090)")
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/socket_spec_shared.rb b/lib/rb/spec/socket_spec_shared.rb
index 5fddc16..32bdb71 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/socket_spec_shared.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/socket_spec_shared.rb
@@ -21,84 +21,84 @@
 
 shared_examples_for "a socket" do
   it "should open a socket" do
-    @socket.open.should == @handle
+    expect(@socket.open).to eq(@handle)
   end
 
   it "should be open whenever it has a handle" do
-    @socket.should_not be_open
+    expect(@socket).not_to be_open
     @socket.open
-    @socket.should be_open
+    expect(@socket).to be_open
     @socket.handle = nil
-    @socket.should_not be_open
+    expect(@socket).not_to be_open
     @socket.handle = @handle
     @socket.close
-    @socket.should_not be_open
+    expect(@socket).not_to be_open
   end
 
   it "should write data to the handle" do
     @socket.open
-    @handle.should_receive(:write).with("foobar")
+    expect(@handle).to receive(:write).with("foobar")
     @socket.write("foobar")
-    @handle.should_receive(:write).with("fail").and_raise(StandardError)
-    lambda { @socket.write("fail") }.should raise_error(Thrift::TransportException) { |e| e.type.should == Thrift::TransportException::NOT_OPEN }
+    expect(@handle).to receive(:write).with("fail").and_raise(StandardError)
+    expect { @socket.write("fail") }.to raise_error(Thrift::TransportException) { |e| expect(e.type).to eq(Thrift::TransportException::NOT_OPEN) }
   end
 
   it "should raise an error when it cannot read from the handle" do
     @socket.open
-    @handle.should_receive(:readpartial).with(17).and_raise(StandardError)
-    lambda { @socket.read(17) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TransportException) { |e| e.type.should == Thrift::TransportException::NOT_OPEN }
+    expect(@handle).to receive(:readpartial).with(17).and_raise(StandardError)
+    expect { @socket.read(17) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TransportException) { |e| expect(e.type).to eq(Thrift::TransportException::NOT_OPEN) }
   end
 
   it "should return the data read when reading from the handle works" do
     @socket.open
-    @handle.should_receive(:readpartial).with(17).and_return("test data")
-    @socket.read(17).should == "test data"
+    expect(@handle).to receive(:readpartial).with(17).and_return("test data")
+    expect(@socket.read(17)).to eq("test data")
   end
 
   it "should declare itself as closed when it has an error" do
     @socket.open
-    @handle.should_receive(:write).with("fail").and_raise(StandardError)
-    @socket.should be_open
-    lambda { @socket.write("fail") }.should raise_error
-    @socket.should_not be_open
+    expect(@handle).to receive(:write).with("fail").and_raise(StandardError)
+    expect(@socket).to be_open
+    expect { @socket.write("fail") }.to raise_error(Thrift::TransportException) { |e| expect(e.type).to eq(Thrift::TransportException::NOT_OPEN) }
+    expect(@socket).not_to be_open
   end
 
   it "should raise an error when the stream is closed" do
     @socket.open
-    @handle.stub!(:closed?).and_return(true)
-    @socket.should_not be_open
-    lambda { @socket.write("fail") }.should raise_error(IOError, "closed stream")
-    lambda { @socket.read(10) }.should raise_error(IOError, "closed stream")
+    allow(@handle).to receive(:closed?).and_return(true)
+    expect(@socket).not_to be_open
+    expect { @socket.write("fail") }.to raise_error(IOError, "closed stream")
+    expect { @socket.read(10) }.to raise_error(IOError, "closed stream")
   end
 
   it "should support the timeout accessor for read" do
     @socket.timeout = 3
     @socket.open
-    IO.should_receive(:select).with([@handle], nil, nil, 3).and_return([[@handle], [], []])
-    @handle.should_receive(:readpartial).with(17).and_return("test data")
-    @socket.read(17).should == "test data"
+    expect(IO).to receive(:select).with([@handle], nil, nil, 3).and_return([[@handle], [], []])
+    expect(@handle).to receive(:readpartial).with(17).and_return("test data")
+    expect(@socket.read(17)).to eq("test data")
   end
 
   it "should support the timeout accessor for write" do
     @socket.timeout = 3
     @socket.open
-    IO.should_receive(:select).with(nil, [@handle], nil, 3).twice.and_return([[], [@handle], []])
-    @handle.should_receive(:write_nonblock).with("test data").and_return(4)
-    @handle.should_receive(:write_nonblock).with(" data").and_return(5)
-    @socket.write("test data").should == 9
+    expect(IO).to receive(:select).with(nil, [@handle], nil, 3).twice.and_return([[], [@handle], []])
+    expect(@handle).to receive(:write_nonblock).with("test data").and_return(4)
+    expect(@handle).to receive(:write_nonblock).with(" data").and_return(5)
+    expect(@socket.write("test data")).to eq(9)
   end
 
   it "should raise an error when read times out" do
     @socket.timeout = 0.5
     @socket.open
-    IO.should_receive(:select).once {sleep(0.5); nil}
-    lambda { @socket.read(17) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TransportException) { |e| e.type.should == Thrift::TransportException::TIMED_OUT }
+    expect(IO).to receive(:select).once {sleep(0.5); nil}
+    expect { @socket.read(17) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TransportException) { |e| expect(e.type).to eq(Thrift::TransportException::TIMED_OUT) }
   end
 
   it "should raise an error when write times out" do
     @socket.timeout = 0.5
     @socket.open
-    IO.should_receive(:select).with(nil, [@handle], nil, 0.5).any_number_of_times.and_return(nil)
-    lambda { @socket.write("test data") }.should raise_error(Thrift::TransportException) { |e| e.type.should == Thrift::TransportException::TIMED_OUT }
+    allow(IO).to receive(:select).with(nil, [@handle], nil, 0.5).and_return(nil)
+    expect { @socket.write("test data") }.to raise_error(Thrift::TransportException) { |e| expect(e.type).to eq(Thrift::TransportException::TIMED_OUT) }
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/ssl_server_socket_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/ssl_server_socket_spec.rb
index 55f3fe2..82e6518 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/ssl_server_socket_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/ssl_server_socket_spec.rb
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
     end
 
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      @socket.to_s.should == "ssl(socket(:1234))"
+      expect(@socket.to_s).to eq("ssl(socket(:1234))")
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/ssl_socket_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/ssl_socket_spec.rb
index 9ee946b..808d8d5 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/ssl_socket_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/ssl_socket_spec.rb
@@ -26,53 +26,53 @@
     before(:each) do
       @context = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
       @socket = Thrift::SSLSocket.new
-      @simple_socket_handle = mock("Handle", :closed? => false)
-      @simple_socket_handle.stub!(:close)
-      @simple_socket_handle.stub!(:connect_nonblock)
-      @simple_socket_handle.stub!(:setsockopt)
+      @simple_socket_handle = double("Handle", :closed? => false)
+      allow(@simple_socket_handle).to receive(:close)
+      allow(@simple_socket_handle).to receive(:connect_nonblock)
+      allow(@simple_socket_handle).to receive(:setsockopt)
 
-      @handle = mock(mock("SSLHandle", :connect_nonblock => true, :post_connection_check => true), :closed? => false)
-      @handle.stub!(:connect_nonblock)
-      @handle.stub!(:close)
-      @handle.stub!(:post_connection_check)
+      @handle = double(double("SSLHandle", :connect_nonblock => true, :post_connection_check => true), :closed? => false)
+      allow(@handle).to receive(:connect_nonblock)
+      allow(@handle).to receive(:close)
+      allow(@handle).to receive(:post_connection_check)
 
-      ::Socket.stub!(:new).and_return(@simple_socket_handle)
-      OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.stub!(:new).and_return(@handle)
+      allow(::Socket).to receive(:new).and_return(@simple_socket_handle)
+      allow(OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket).to receive(:new).and_return(@handle)
     end
 
     it_should_behave_like "a socket"
 
     it "should raise a TransportException when it cannot open a ssl socket" do
-      ::Socket.should_receive(:getaddrinfo).with("localhost", 9090, nil, ::Socket::SOCK_STREAM).and_return([[]])
-      lambda { @socket.open }.should raise_error(Thrift::TransportException) { |e| e.type.should == Thrift::TransportException::NOT_OPEN }
+      expect(::Socket).to receive(:getaddrinfo).with("localhost", 9090, nil, ::Socket::SOCK_STREAM).and_return([[]])
+      expect { @socket.open }.to raise_error(Thrift::TransportException) { |e| expect(e.type).to eq(Thrift::TransportException::NOT_OPEN) }
     end
 
     it "should open a ::Socket with default args" do
-      OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.should_receive(:new).with(@simple_socket_handle, nil).and_return(@handle)
-      @handle.should_receive(:post_connection_check).with('localhost')
+      expect(OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket).to receive(:new).with(@simple_socket_handle, nil).and_return(@handle)
+      expect(@handle).to receive(:post_connection_check).with('localhost')
       @socket.open
     end
 
     it "should accept host/port options" do
-      handle = mock("Handle", :connect_nonblock => true, :setsockopt => nil)
-      ::Socket.stub!(:new).and_return(handle)
-      ::Socket.should_receive(:getaddrinfo).with("my.domain", 1234, nil, ::Socket::SOCK_STREAM).and_return([[]])
-      ::Socket.should_receive(:sockaddr_in)
-      OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.should_receive(:new).with(handle, nil).and_return(@handle)
-      @handle.should_receive(:post_connection_check).with('my.domain')
+      handle = double("Handle", :connect_nonblock => true, :setsockopt => nil)
+      allow(::Socket).to receive(:new).and_return(handle)
+      expect(::Socket).to receive(:getaddrinfo).with("my.domain", 1234, nil, ::Socket::SOCK_STREAM).and_return([[]])
+      expect(::Socket).to receive(:sockaddr_in)
+      expect(OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket).to receive(:new).with(handle, nil).and_return(@handle)
+      expect(@handle).to receive(:post_connection_check).with('my.domain')
       Thrift::SSLSocket.new('my.domain', 1234, 6000, nil).open
     end
 
     it "should accept an optional timeout" do
-      Thrift::SSLSocket.new('localhost', 8080, 5).timeout.should == 5
+      expect(Thrift::SSLSocket.new('localhost', 8080, 5).timeout).to eq(5)
     end
 
     it "should accept an optional context" do
-      Thrift::SSLSocket.new('localhost', 8080, 5, @context).ssl_context.should == @context
+      expect(Thrift::SSLSocket.new('localhost', 8080, 5, @context).ssl_context).to eq(@context)
     end
 
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      Thrift::SSLSocket.new('myhost', 8090).to_s.should == "ssl(socket(myhost:8090))"
+      expect(Thrift::SSLSocket.new('myhost', 8090).to_s).to eq("ssl(socket(myhost:8090))")
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/struct_nested_containers_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/struct_nested_containers_spec.rb
index dc8ce5f..d063569 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/struct_nested_containers_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/struct_nested_containers_spec.rb
@@ -39,9 +39,9 @@
           thrift_struct.value = [ [1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4] ]
           thrift_struct.validate
         end
-        a.should == b
+        expect(a).to eq(b)
         b.value.push [3, 4, 5]
-        a.should_not == b
+        expect(a).not_to eq(b)
       end
     end
 
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@
           thrift_struct.value = [ [1, 2, 3], [2, 3, 4] ].to_set
           thrift_struct.validate
         end
-        a.should == b
+        expect(a).to eq(b)
         b.value.add [3, 4, 5]
-        a.should_not == b
+        expect(a).not_to eq(b)
       end
     end
 
@@ -65,9 +65,9 @@
           thrift_struct.value = { [1, 2, 3] => 1, [2, 3, 4] => 2 }
           thrift_struct.validate
         end
-        a.should == b
+        expect(a).to eq(b)
         b.value[[3, 4, 5]] = 3
-        a.should_not == b
+        expect(a).not_to eq(b)
       end
     end
 
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@
           thrift_struct.value = { 1 => [1, 2, 3], 2 => [2, 3, 4] }
           thrift_struct.validate
         end
-        a.should == b
+        expect(a).to eq(b)
         b.value[3] = [3, 4, 5]
-        a.should_not == b
+        expect(a).not_to eq(b)
       end
     end
 
@@ -91,9 +91,9 @@
           thrift_struct.value = [ [1, 2, 3].to_set, [2, 3, 4].to_set ]
           thrift_struct.validate
         end
-        a.should == b
+        expect(a).to eq(b)
         b.value.push([3, 4, 5].to_set)
-        a.should_not == b
+        expect(a).not_to eq(b)
       end
     end
 
@@ -104,9 +104,9 @@
           thrift_struct.value = [ [1, 2, 3].to_set, [2, 3, 4].to_set ].to_set
           thrift_struct.validate
         end
-        a.should == b
+        expect(a).to eq(b)
         b.value.add([3, 4, 5].to_set)
-        a.should_not == b
+        expect(a).not_to eq(b)
       end
     end
 
@@ -117,9 +117,9 @@
           thrift_struct.value = { [1, 2, 3].to_set => 1, [2, 3, 4].to_set => 2 }
           thrift_struct.validate
         end
-        a.should == b
+        expect(a).to eq(b)
         b.value[[3, 4, 5].to_set] = 3
-        a.should_not == b
+        expect(a).not_to eq(b)
       end
     end
 
@@ -130,9 +130,9 @@
           thrift_struct.value = { 1 => [1, 2, 3].to_set, 2 => [2, 3, 4].to_set }
           thrift_struct.validate
         end
-        a.should == b
+        expect(a).to eq(b)
         b.value[3] = [3, 4, 5].to_set
-        a.should_not == b
+        expect(a).not_to eq(b)
       end
     end
 
@@ -143,9 +143,9 @@
           thrift_struct.value = [ {1 => 2, 3 => 4}, {2 => 3, 4 => 5} ]
           thrift_struct.validate
         end
-        a.should == b
+        expect(a).to eq(b)
         b.value.push({ 3 => 4, 5 => 6 })
-        a.should_not == b
+        expect(a).not_to eq(b)
       end
     end
 
@@ -156,9 +156,9 @@
           thrift_struct.value = [ {1 => 2, 3 => 4}, {2 => 3, 4 => 5} ].to_set
           thrift_struct.validate
         end
-        a.should == b
+        expect(a).to eq(b)
         b.value.add({ 3 => 4, 5 => 6 })
-        a.should_not == b
+        expect(a).not_to eq(b)
       end
     end
 
@@ -169,9 +169,9 @@
           thrift_struct.value = { { 1 => 2, 3 => 4} => 1, {2 => 3, 4 => 5}  => 2 }
           thrift_struct.validate
         end
-        a.should == b
+        expect(a).to eq(b)
         b.value[{3 => 4, 5 => 6}] = 3
-        a.should_not == b
+        expect(a).not_to eq(b)
       end
     end
 
@@ -182,9 +182,9 @@
           thrift_struct.value = { 1 => { 1 => 2, 3 => 4}, 2 => {2 => 3, 4 => 5} }
           thrift_struct.validate
         end
-        a.should == b
+        expect(a).to eq(b)
         b.value[3] = { 3 => 4, 5 => 6 }
-        a.should_not == b
+        expect(a).not_to eq(b)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/struct_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/struct_spec.rb
index 6534d61..b09c7f6 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/struct_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/struct_spec.rb
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
     it "should iterate over all fields properly" do
       fields = {}
       SpecNamespace::Foo.new.each_field { |fid,field_info| fields[fid] = field_info }
-      fields.should == SpecNamespace::Foo::FIELDS
+      expect(fields).to eq(SpecNamespace::Foo::FIELDS)
     end
 
     it "should initialize all fields to defaults" do
@@ -39,19 +39,19 @@
     end
 
     def validate_default_arguments(object)
-      object.simple.should == 53
-      object.words.should == "words"
-      object.hello.should == SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => 'hello, world!')
-      object.ints.should == [1, 2, 2, 3]
-      object.complex.should be_nil
-      object.shorts.should == Set.new([5, 17, 239])
+      expect(object.simple).to eq(53)
+      expect(object.words).to eq("words")
+      expect(object.hello).to eq(SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => 'hello, world!'))
+      expect(object.ints).to eq([1, 2, 2, 3])
+      expect(object.complex).to be_nil
+      expect(object.shorts).to eq(Set.new([5, 17, 239]))
     end
 
     it "should not share default values between instances" do
       begin
         struct = SpecNamespace::Foo.new
         struct.ints << 17
-        SpecNamespace::Foo.new.ints.should == [1,2,2,3]
+        expect(SpecNamespace::Foo.new.ints).to eq([1,2,2,3])
       ensure
         # ensure no leakage to other tests
         SpecNamespace::Foo::FIELDS[4][:default] = [1,2,2,3]
@@ -60,48 +60,48 @@
 
     it "should properly initialize boolean values" do
       struct = SpecNamespace::BoolStruct.new(:yesno => false)
-      struct.yesno.should be_false
+      expect(struct.yesno).to be_falsey
     end
 
     it "should have proper == semantics" do
-      SpecNamespace::Foo.new.should_not == SpecNamespace::Hello.new
-      SpecNamespace::Foo.new.should == SpecNamespace::Foo.new
-      SpecNamespace::Foo.new(:simple => 52).should_not == SpecNamespace::Foo.new
+      expect(SpecNamespace::Foo.new).not_to eq(SpecNamespace::Hello.new)
+      expect(SpecNamespace::Foo.new).to eq(SpecNamespace::Foo.new)
+      expect(SpecNamespace::Foo.new(:simple => 52)).not_to eq(SpecNamespace::Foo.new)
     end
 
     it "should print enum value names in inspect" do
-      SpecNamespace::StructWithSomeEnum.new(:some_enum => SpecNamespace::SomeEnum::ONE).inspect.should == "<SpecNamespace::StructWithSomeEnum some_enum:ONE (0)>"
+      expect(SpecNamespace::StructWithSomeEnum.new(:some_enum => SpecNamespace::SomeEnum::ONE).inspect).to eq("<SpecNamespace::StructWithSomeEnum some_enum:ONE (0)>")
 
-      SpecNamespace::StructWithEnumMap.new(:my_map => {SpecNamespace::SomeEnum::ONE => [SpecNamespace::SomeEnum::TWO]}).inspect.should == "<SpecNamespace::StructWithEnumMap my_map:{ONE (0): [TWO (1)]}>"
+      expect(SpecNamespace::StructWithEnumMap.new(:my_map => {SpecNamespace::SomeEnum::ONE => [SpecNamespace::SomeEnum::TWO]}).inspect).to eq("<SpecNamespace::StructWithEnumMap my_map:{ONE (0): [TWO (1)]}>")
     end
 
     it "should pretty print binary fields" do
-      SpecNamespace::Foo2.new(:my_binary => "\001\002\003").inspect.should == "<SpecNamespace::Foo2 my_binary:010203>"
+      expect(SpecNamespace::Foo2.new(:my_binary => "\001\002\003").inspect).to eq("<SpecNamespace::Foo2 my_binary:010203>")
     end
 
     it "should offer field? methods" do
-      SpecNamespace::Foo.new.opt_string?.should be_false
-      SpecNamespace::Foo.new(:simple => 52).simple?.should be_true
-      SpecNamespace::Foo.new(:my_bool => false).my_bool?.should be_true
-      SpecNamespace::Foo.new(:my_bool => true).my_bool?.should be_true
+      expect(SpecNamespace::Foo.new.opt_string?).to be_falsey
+      expect(SpecNamespace::Foo.new(:simple => 52).simple?).to be_truthy
+      expect(SpecNamespace::Foo.new(:my_bool => false).my_bool?).to be_truthy
+      expect(SpecNamespace::Foo.new(:my_bool => true).my_bool?).to be_truthy
     end
 
     it "should be comparable" do
       s1 = SpecNamespace::StructWithSomeEnum.new(:some_enum => SpecNamespace::SomeEnum::ONE)
       s2 = SpecNamespace::StructWithSomeEnum.new(:some_enum => SpecNamespace::SomeEnum::TWO)
 
-      (s1 <=> s2).should == -1
-      (s2 <=> s1).should == 1
-      (s1 <=> s1).should == 0
-      (s1 <=> SpecNamespace::StructWithSomeEnum.new()).should == -1
+      expect(s1 <=> s2).to eq(-1)
+      expect(s2 <=> s1).to eq(1)
+      expect(s1 <=> s1).to eq(0)
+      expect(s1 <=> SpecNamespace::StructWithSomeEnum.new()).to eq(-1)
     end
 
     it "should read itself off the wire" do
       struct = SpecNamespace::Foo.new
-      prot = Thrift::BaseProtocol.new(mock("transport"))
-      prot.should_receive(:read_struct_begin).twice
-      prot.should_receive(:read_struct_end).twice
-      prot.should_receive(:read_field_begin).and_return(
+      prot = Thrift::BaseProtocol.new(double("transport"))
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_struct_begin).twice
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_struct_end).twice
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_field_begin).and_return(
         ['complex', Thrift::Types::MAP, 5], # Foo
         ['words', Thrift::Types::STRING, 2], # Foo
         ['hello', Thrift::Types::STRUCT, 3], # Foo
@@ -112,49 +112,49 @@
         ['shorts', Thrift::Types::SET, 6], # Foo
         [nil, Thrift::Types::STOP, 0] # Hello
       )
-      prot.should_receive(:read_field_end).exactly(7).times
-      prot.should_receive(:read_map_begin).and_return(
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_field_end).exactly(7).times
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_map_begin).and_return(
         [Thrift::Types::I32, Thrift::Types::MAP, 2], # complex
           [Thrift::Types::STRING, Thrift::Types::DOUBLE, 2], # complex/1/value
           [Thrift::Types::STRING, Thrift::Types::DOUBLE, 1] # complex/2/value
       )
-      prot.should_receive(:read_map_end).exactly(3).times
-      prot.should_receive(:read_list_begin).and_return([Thrift::Types::I32, 4])
-      prot.should_receive(:read_list_end)
-      prot.should_receive(:read_set_begin).and_return([Thrift::Types::I16, 2])
-      prot.should_receive(:read_set_end)
-      prot.should_receive(:read_i32).and_return(
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_map_end).exactly(3).times
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_list_begin).and_return([Thrift::Types::I32, 4])
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_list_end)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_set_begin).and_return([Thrift::Types::I16, 2])
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_set_end)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_i32).and_return(
         1, 14,        # complex keys
         42,           # simple
         4, 23, 4, 29  # ints
       )
-      prot.should_receive(:read_string).and_return("pi", "e", "feigenbaum", "apple banana", "what's up?")
-      prot.should_receive(:read_double).and_return(Math::PI, Math::E, 4.669201609)
-      prot.should_receive(:read_i16).and_return(2, 3)
-      prot.should_not_receive(:skip)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_string).and_return("pi", "e", "feigenbaum", "apple banana", "what's up?")
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_double).and_return(Math::PI, Math::E, 4.669201609)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_i16).and_return(2, 3)
+      expect(prot).not_to receive(:skip)
       struct.read(prot)
 
-      struct.simple.should == 42
-      struct.complex.should == {1 => {"pi" => Math::PI, "e" => Math::E}, 14 => {"feigenbaum" => 4.669201609}}
-      struct.hello.should == SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => "what's up?")
-      struct.words.should == "apple banana"
-      struct.ints.should == [4, 23, 4, 29]
-      struct.shorts.should == Set.new([3, 2])
+      expect(struct.simple).to eq(42)
+      expect(struct.complex).to eq({1 => {"pi" => Math::PI, "e" => Math::E}, 14 => {"feigenbaum" => 4.669201609}})
+      expect(struct.hello).to eq(SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => "what's up?"))
+      expect(struct.words).to eq("apple banana")
+      expect(struct.ints).to eq([4, 23, 4, 29])
+      expect(struct.shorts).to eq(Set.new([3, 2]))
     end
 
     it "should serialize false boolean fields correctly" do
       b = SpecNamespace::BoolStruct.new(:yesno => false)
       prot = Thrift::BinaryProtocol.new(Thrift::MemoryBufferTransport.new)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_bool).with(false)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_bool).with(false)
       b.write(prot)
     end
 
     it "should skip unexpected fields in structs and use default values" do
       struct = SpecNamespace::Foo.new
-      prot = Thrift::BaseProtocol.new(mock("transport"))
-      prot.should_receive(:read_struct_begin)
-      prot.should_receive(:read_struct_end)
-      prot.should_receive(:read_field_begin).and_return(
+      prot = Thrift::BaseProtocol.new(double("transport"))
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_struct_begin)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_struct_end)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_field_begin).and_return(
         ['simple', Thrift::Types::I32, 1],
         ['complex', Thrift::Types::STRUCT, 5],
         ['thinz', Thrift::Types::MAP, 7],
@@ -162,55 +162,55 @@
         ['words', Thrift::Types::STRING, 2],
         [nil, Thrift::Types::STOP, 0]
       )
-      prot.should_receive(:read_field_end).exactly(5).times
-      prot.should_receive(:read_i32).and_return(42)
-      prot.should_receive(:read_string).and_return("foobar")
-      prot.should_receive(:skip).with(Thrift::Types::STRUCT)
-      prot.should_receive(:skip).with(Thrift::Types::MAP)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_field_end).exactly(5).times
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_i32).and_return(42)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:read_string).and_return("foobar")
+      expect(prot).to receive(:skip).with(Thrift::Types::STRUCT)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:skip).with(Thrift::Types::MAP)
       # prot.should_receive(:read_map_begin).and_return([Thrift::Types::I32, Thrift::Types::I32, 0])
       # prot.should_receive(:read_map_end)
-      prot.should_receive(:skip).with(Thrift::Types::I32)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:skip).with(Thrift::Types::I32)
       struct.read(prot)
 
-      struct.simple.should == 42
-      struct.complex.should be_nil
-      struct.words.should == "foobar"
-      struct.hello.should == SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => 'hello, world!')
-      struct.ints.should == [1, 2, 2, 3]
-      struct.shorts.should == Set.new([5, 17, 239])
+      expect(struct.simple).to eq(42)
+      expect(struct.complex).to be_nil
+      expect(struct.words).to eq("foobar")
+      expect(struct.hello).to eq(SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => 'hello, world!'))
+      expect(struct.ints).to eq([1, 2, 2, 3])
+      expect(struct.shorts).to eq(Set.new([5, 17, 239]))
     end
 
     it "should write itself to the wire" do
-      prot = Thrift::BaseProtocol.new(mock("transport")) #mock("Protocol")
-      prot.should_receive(:write_struct_begin).with("SpecNamespace::Foo")
-      prot.should_receive(:write_struct_begin).with("SpecNamespace::Hello")
-      prot.should_receive(:write_struct_end).twice
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_begin).with('ints', Thrift::Types::LIST, 4)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_i32).with(1)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_i32).with(2).twice
-      prot.should_receive(:write_i32).with(3)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_begin).with('complex', Thrift::Types::MAP, 5)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_i32).with(5)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_string).with('foo')
-      prot.should_receive(:write_double).with(1.23)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_begin).with('shorts', Thrift::Types::SET, 6)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_i16).with(5)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_i16).with(17)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_i16).with(239)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_stop).twice
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_end).exactly(6).times
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_begin).with('simple', Thrift::Types::I32, 1)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_i32).with(53)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_begin).with('hello', Thrift::Types::STRUCT, 3)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_field_begin).with('greeting', Thrift::Types::STRING, 1)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_string).with('hello, world!')
-      prot.should_receive(:write_map_begin).with(Thrift::Types::I32, Thrift::Types::MAP, 1)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_map_begin).with(Thrift::Types::STRING, Thrift::Types::DOUBLE, 1)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_map_end).twice
-      prot.should_receive(:write_list_begin).with(Thrift::Types::I32, 4)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_list_end)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_set_begin).with(Thrift::Types::I16, 3)
-      prot.should_receive(:write_set_end)
+      prot = Thrift::BaseProtocol.new(double("transport")) #mock("Protocol")
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_struct_begin).with("SpecNamespace::Foo")
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_struct_begin).with("SpecNamespace::Hello")
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_struct_end).twice
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_begin).with('ints', Thrift::Types::LIST, 4)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_i32).with(1)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_i32).with(2).twice
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_i32).with(3)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_begin).with('complex', Thrift::Types::MAP, 5)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_i32).with(5)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_string).with('foo')
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_double).with(1.23)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_begin).with('shorts', Thrift::Types::SET, 6)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_i16).with(5)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_i16).with(17)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_i16).with(239)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_stop).twice
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_end).exactly(6).times
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_begin).with('simple', Thrift::Types::I32, 1)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_i32).with(53)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_begin).with('hello', Thrift::Types::STRUCT, 3)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_begin).with('greeting', Thrift::Types::STRING, 1)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_string).with('hello, world!')
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_map_begin).with(Thrift::Types::I32, Thrift::Types::MAP, 1)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_map_begin).with(Thrift::Types::STRING, Thrift::Types::DOUBLE, 1)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_map_end).twice
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_list_begin).with(Thrift::Types::I32, 4)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_list_end)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_set_begin).with(Thrift::Types::I16, 3)
+      expect(prot).to receive(:write_set_end)
 
       struct = SpecNamespace::Foo.new
       struct.words = nil
@@ -221,50 +221,50 @@
     it "should raise an exception if presented with an unknown container" do
       # yeah this is silly, but I'm going for code coverage here
       struct = SpecNamespace::Foo.new
-      lambda { struct.send :write_container, nil, nil, {:type => "foo"} }.should raise_error(StandardError, "Not a container type: foo")
+      expect { struct.send :write_container, nil, nil, {:type => "foo"} }.to raise_error(StandardError, "Not a container type: foo")
     end
 
     it "should support optional type-checking in Thrift::Struct.new" do
       Thrift.type_checking = true
       begin
-        lambda { SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => 3) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError, "Expected Types::STRING, received Fixnum for field greeting")
+        expect { SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => 3) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError, "Expected Types::STRING, received Fixnum for field greeting")
       ensure
         Thrift.type_checking = false
       end
-      lambda { SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => 3) }.should_not raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:greeting => 3) }.not_to raise_error
     end
 
     it "should support optional type-checking in field accessors" do
       Thrift.type_checking = true
       begin
         hello = SpecNamespace::Hello.new
-        lambda { hello.greeting = 3 }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError, "Expected Types::STRING, received Fixnum for field greeting")
+        expect { hello.greeting = 3 }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError, "Expected Types::STRING, received Fixnum for field greeting")
       ensure
         Thrift.type_checking = false
       end
-      lambda { hello.greeting = 3 }.should_not raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { hello.greeting = 3 }.not_to raise_error
     end
 
     it "should raise an exception when unknown types are given to Thrift::Struct.new" do
-      lambda { SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:fish => 'salmon') }.should raise_error(Exception, "Unknown key given to SpecNamespace::Hello.new: fish")
+      expect { SpecNamespace::Hello.new(:fish => 'salmon') }.to raise_error(Exception, "Unknown key given to SpecNamespace::Hello.new: fish")
     end
 
     it "should support `raise Xception, 'message'` for Exception structs" do
       begin
         raise SpecNamespace::Xception, "something happened"
       rescue Thrift::Exception => e
-        e.message.should == "something happened"
-        e.code.should == 1
+        expect(e.message).to eq("something happened")
+        expect(e.code).to eq(1)
         # ensure it gets serialized properly, this is the really important part
-        prot = Thrift::BaseProtocol.new(mock("trans"))
-        prot.should_receive(:write_struct_begin).with("SpecNamespace::Xception")
-        prot.should_receive(:write_struct_end)
-        prot.should_receive(:write_field_begin).with('message', Thrift::Types::STRING, 1)#, "something happened")
-        prot.should_receive(:write_string).with("something happened")
-        prot.should_receive(:write_field_begin).with('code', Thrift::Types::I32, 2)#, 1)
-        prot.should_receive(:write_i32).with(1)
-        prot.should_receive(:write_field_stop)
-        prot.should_receive(:write_field_end).twice
+        prot = Thrift::BaseProtocol.new(double("trans"))
+        expect(prot).to receive(:write_struct_begin).with("SpecNamespace::Xception")
+        expect(prot).to receive(:write_struct_end)
+        expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_begin).with('message', Thrift::Types::STRING, 1)#, "something happened")
+        expect(prot).to receive(:write_string).with("something happened")
+        expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_begin).with('code', Thrift::Types::I32, 2)#, 1)
+        expect(prot).to receive(:write_i32).with(1)
+        expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_stop)
+        expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_end).twice
 
         e.write(prot)
       end
@@ -274,17 +274,17 @@
       begin
         raise SpecNamespace::Xception, :message => "something happened", :code => 5
       rescue Thrift::Exception => e
-        e.message.should == "something happened"
-        e.code.should == 5
-        prot = Thrift::BaseProtocol.new(mock("trans"))
-        prot.should_receive(:write_struct_begin).with("SpecNamespace::Xception")
-        prot.should_receive(:write_struct_end)
-        prot.should_receive(:write_field_begin).with('message', Thrift::Types::STRING, 1)
-        prot.should_receive(:write_string).with("something happened")
-        prot.should_receive(:write_field_begin).with('code', Thrift::Types::I32, 2)
-        prot.should_receive(:write_i32).with(5)
-        prot.should_receive(:write_field_stop)
-        prot.should_receive(:write_field_end).twice
+        expect(e.message).to eq("something happened")
+        expect(e.code).to eq(5)
+        prot = Thrift::BaseProtocol.new(double("trans"))
+        expect(prot).to receive(:write_struct_begin).with("SpecNamespace::Xception")
+        expect(prot).to receive(:write_struct_end)
+        expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_begin).with('message', Thrift::Types::STRING, 1)
+        expect(prot).to receive(:write_string).with("something happened")
+        expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_begin).with('code', Thrift::Types::I32, 2)
+        expect(prot).to receive(:write_i32).with(5)
+        expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_stop)
+        expect(prot).to receive(:write_field_end).twice
 
         e.write(prot)
       end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/thin_http_server_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/thin_http_server_spec.rb
index 5520839..665391b 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/thin_http_server_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/thin_http_server_spec.rb
@@ -23,24 +23,24 @@
 
 describe Thrift::ThinHTTPServer do
 
-  let(:processor) { mock('processor') }
+  let(:processor) { double('processor') }
 
   describe "#initialize" do
 
     context "when using the defaults" do
 
       it "binds to port 80, with host 0.0.0.0, a path of '/'" do
-        Thin::Server.should_receive(:new).with('0.0.0.0', 80, an_instance_of(Rack::Builder))
+        expect(Thin::Server).to receive(:new).with('0.0.0.0', 80, an_instance_of(Rack::Builder))
         Thrift::ThinHTTPServer.new(processor)
       end
 
       it 'creates a ThinHTTPServer::RackApplicationContext' do
-        Thrift::ThinHTTPServer::RackApplication.should_receive(:for).with("/", processor, an_instance_of(Thrift::BinaryProtocolFactory)).and_return(anything)
+        expect(Thrift::ThinHTTPServer::RackApplication).to receive(:for).with("/", processor, an_instance_of(Thrift::BinaryProtocolFactory)).and_return(anything)
         Thrift::ThinHTTPServer.new(processor)
       end
 
       it "uses the BinaryProtocolFactory" do
-        Thrift::BinaryProtocolFactory.should_receive(:new)
+        expect(Thrift::BinaryProtocolFactory).to receive(:new)
         Thrift::ThinHTTPServer.new(processor)
       end
 
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
         ip = "192.168.0.1"
         port = 3000
         path = "/thin"
-        Thin::Server.should_receive(:new).with(ip, port, an_instance_of(Rack::Builder))
+        expect(Thin::Server).to receive(:new).with(ip, port, an_instance_of(Rack::Builder))
         Thrift::ThinHTTPServer.new(processor,
                            :ip => ip,
                            :port => port,
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
       end
 
       it 'creates a ThinHTTPServer::RackApplicationContext with a different protocol factory' do
-        Thrift::ThinHTTPServer::RackApplication.should_receive(:for).with("/", processor, an_instance_of(Thrift::JsonProtocolFactory)).and_return(anything)
+        expect(Thrift::ThinHTTPServer::RackApplication).to receive(:for).with("/", processor, an_instance_of(Thrift::JsonProtocolFactory)).and_return(anything)
         Thrift::ThinHTTPServer.new(processor,
                            :protocol_factory => Thrift::JsonProtocolFactory.new)
       end
@@ -72,12 +72,12 @@
   describe "#serve" do
 
     it 'starts the Thin server' do
-      underlying_thin_server = mock('thin server', :start => true)
-      Thin::Server.stub(:new).and_return(underlying_thin_server)
+      underlying_thin_server = double('thin server', :start => true)
+      allow(Thin::Server).to receive(:new).and_return(underlying_thin_server)
 
       thin_thrift_server = Thrift::ThinHTTPServer.new(processor)
 
-      underlying_thin_server.should_receive(:start)
+      expect(underlying_thin_server).to receive(:start)
       thin_thrift_server.serve
     end
   end
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@
 describe Thrift::ThinHTTPServer::RackApplication do
   include Rack::Test::Methods
 
-  let(:processor) { mock('processor') }
-  let(:protocol_factory) { mock('protocol factory') }
+  let(:processor) { double('processor') }
+  let(:protocol_factory) { double('protocol factory') }
 
   def app
     Thrift::ThinHTTPServer::RackApplication.for("/", processor, protocol_factory)
@@ -99,13 +99,13 @@
     it 'receives a non-POST' do
       header('Content-Type', "application/x-thrift")
       get "/"
-      last_response.status.should be 404
+      expect(last_response.status).to be 404
     end
 
     it 'receives a header other than application/x-thrift' do
       header('Content-Type', "application/json")
       post "/"
-      last_response.status.should be 404
+      expect(last_response.status).to be 404
     end
 
   end
@@ -113,26 +113,26 @@
   context "200 response" do
 
     before do
-      protocol_factory.stub(:get_protocol)
-      processor.stub(:process)
+      allow(protocol_factory).to receive(:get_protocol)
+      allow(processor).to receive(:process)
     end
 
     it 'creates an IOStreamTransport' do
       header('Content-Type', "application/x-thrift")
-      Thrift::IOStreamTransport.should_receive(:new).with(an_instance_of(Rack::Lint::InputWrapper), an_instance_of(Rack::Response))
+      expect(Thrift::IOStreamTransport).to receive(:new).with(an_instance_of(Rack::Lint::InputWrapper), an_instance_of(Rack::Response))
       post "/"
     end
 
     it 'fetches the right protocol based on the Transport' do
       header('Content-Type', "application/x-thrift")
-      protocol_factory.should_receive(:get_protocol).with(an_instance_of(Thrift::IOStreamTransport))
+      expect(protocol_factory).to receive(:get_protocol).with(an_instance_of(Thrift::IOStreamTransport))
       post "/"
     end
 
     it 'status code 200' do
       header('Content-Type', "application/x-thrift")
       post "/"
-      last_response.ok?.should be_true
+      expect(last_response.ok?).to be_truthy
     end
 
   end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/types_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/types_spec.rb
index b2c3a20..364c2a7 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/types_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/types_spec.rb
@@ -31,85 +31,88 @@
 
   context 'type checking' do
     it "should return the proper name for each type" do
-      Thrift.type_name(Thrift::Types::I16).should == "Types::I16"
-      Thrift.type_name(Thrift::Types::VOID).should == "Types::VOID"
-      Thrift.type_name(Thrift::Types::LIST).should == "Types::LIST"
-      Thrift.type_name(42).should be_nil
+      expect(Thrift.type_name(Thrift::Types::I16)).to eq("Types::I16")
+      expect(Thrift.type_name(Thrift::Types::VOID)).to eq("Types::VOID")
+      expect(Thrift.type_name(Thrift::Types::LIST)).to eq("Types::LIST")
+      expect(Thrift.type_name(42)).to be_nil
     end
 
     it "should check types properly" do
       # lambda { Thrift.check_type(nil, Thrift::Types::STOP) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(3,              {:type => Thrift::Types::STOP},   :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(nil,            {:type => Thrift::Types::VOID},   :foo) }.should_not raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(3,              {:type => Thrift::Types::VOID},   :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(true,           {:type => Thrift::Types::BOOL},   :foo) }.should_not raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(3,              {:type => Thrift::Types::BOOL},   :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(42,             {:type => Thrift::Types::BYTE},   :foo) }.should_not raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(42,             {:type => Thrift::Types::I16},    :foo) }.should_not raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(42,             {:type => Thrift::Types::I32},    :foo) }.should_not raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(42,             {:type => Thrift::Types::I64},    :foo) }.should_not raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(3.14,           {:type => Thrift::Types::I32},    :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(3.14,           {:type => Thrift::Types::DOUBLE}, :foo) }.should_not raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(3,              {:type => Thrift::Types::DOUBLE}, :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type("3",            {:type => Thrift::Types::STRING}, :foo) }.should_not raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(3,              {:type => Thrift::Types::STRING}, :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(3,              {:type => Thrift::Types::STOP},   :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(nil,            {:type => Thrift::Types::VOID},   :foo) }.not_to raise_error
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(3,              {:type => Thrift::Types::VOID},   :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(true,           {:type => Thrift::Types::BOOL},   :foo) }.not_to raise_error
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(3,              {:type => Thrift::Types::BOOL},   :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(42,             {:type => Thrift::Types::BYTE},   :foo) }.not_to raise_error
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(42,             {:type => Thrift::Types::I16},    :foo) }.not_to raise_error
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(42,             {:type => Thrift::Types::I32},    :foo) }.not_to raise_error
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(42,             {:type => Thrift::Types::I64},    :foo) }.not_to raise_error
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(3.14,           {:type => Thrift::Types::I32},    :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(3.14,           {:type => Thrift::Types::DOUBLE}, :foo) }.not_to raise_error
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(3,              {:type => Thrift::Types::DOUBLE}, :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type("3",            {:type => Thrift::Types::STRING}, :foo) }.not_to raise_error
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(3,              {:type => Thrift::Types::STRING}, :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
       hello = SpecNamespace::Hello.new
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(hello,          {:type => Thrift::Types::STRUCT, :class => SpecNamespace::Hello}, :foo) }.should_not raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type("foo",          {:type => Thrift::Types::STRUCT}, :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type({:foo => 1},    {:type => Thrift::Types::MAP},    :foo) }.should_not raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type([1],            {:type => Thrift::Types::MAP},    :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type([1],            {:type => Thrift::Types::LIST},   :foo) }.should_not raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type({:foo => 1},    {:type => Thrift::Types::LIST},   :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(Set.new([1,2]), {:type => Thrift::Types::SET},    :foo) }.should_not raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type([1,2],          {:type => Thrift::Types::SET},    :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type({:foo => true}, {:type => Thrift::Types::SET},    :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(hello,          {:type => Thrift::Types::STRUCT, :class => SpecNamespace::Hello}, :foo) }.not_to raise_error
+      expect { Thrift.check_type("foo",          {:type => Thrift::Types::STRUCT}, :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      field = {:type => Thrift::Types::MAP, :key => {:type => Thrift::Types::I32}, :value => {:type => Thrift::Types::STRING}}
+      expect { Thrift.check_type({1 => "one"},   field,                            :foo) }.not_to raise_error
+      expect { Thrift.check_type([1],            field,                            :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      field = {:type => Thrift::Types::LIST, :element => {:type => Thrift::Types::I32}}
+      expect { Thrift.check_type([1],            field,                            :foo) }.not_to raise_error
+      expect { Thrift.check_type({:foo => 1},    field,                            :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      field = {:type => Thrift::Types::SET, :element => {:type => Thrift::Types::I32}}
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(Set.new([1,2]), field,                            :foo) }.not_to raise_error
+      expect { Thrift.check_type([1,2],          field,                            :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type({:foo => true}, field,                            :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
     end
 
     it "should error out if nil is passed and skip_types is false" do
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::BOOL},   :foo, false) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::BYTE},   :foo, false) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::I16},    :foo, false) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::I32},    :foo, false) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::I64},    :foo, false) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::DOUBLE}, :foo, false) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::STRING}, :foo, false) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::STRUCT}, :foo, false) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::LIST},   :foo, false) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::SET},    :foo, false) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::MAP},    :foo, false) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::BOOL},   :foo, false) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::BYTE},   :foo, false) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::I16},    :foo, false) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::I32},    :foo, false) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::I64},    :foo, false) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::DOUBLE}, :foo, false) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::STRING}, :foo, false) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::STRUCT}, :foo, false) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::LIST},   :foo, false) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::SET},    :foo, false) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(nil, {:type => Thrift::Types::MAP},    :foo, false) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
     end
 
     it "should check element types on containers" do
       field = {:type => Thrift::Types::LIST, :element => {:type => Thrift::Types::I32}}
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type([1, 2], field, :foo) }.should_not raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type([1, nil, 2], field, :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type([1, 2], field, :foo) }.not_to raise_error
+      expect { Thrift.check_type([1, nil, 2], field, :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
       field = {:type => Thrift::Types::MAP, :key => {:type => Thrift::Types::I32}, :value => {:type => Thrift::Types::STRING}}
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type({1 => "one", 2 => "two"}, field, :foo) }.should_not raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type({1 => "one", nil => "nil"}, field, :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type({1 => nil, 2 => "two"}, field, :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type({1 => "one", 2 => "two"}, field, :foo) }.not_to raise_error
+      expect { Thrift.check_type({1 => "one", nil => "nil"}, field, :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type({1 => nil, 2 => "two"}, field, :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
       field = {:type => Thrift::Types::SET, :element => {:type => Thrift::Types::I32}}
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(Set.new([1, 2]), field, :foo) }.should_not raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(Set.new([1, nil, 2]), field, :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(Set.new([1, 2.3, 2]), field, :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(Set.new([1, 2]), field, :foo) }.not_to raise_error
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(Set.new([1, nil, 2]), field, :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(Set.new([1, 2.3, 2]), field, :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
 
       field = {:type => Thrift::Types::STRUCT, :class => SpecNamespace::Hello}
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(SpecNamespace::BoolStruct, field, :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(SpecNamespace::BoolStruct, field, :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError)
     end
 
     it "should give the Thrift::TypeError a readable message" do
       msg = "Expected Types::STRING, received Fixnum for field foo"
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type(3, {:type => Thrift::Types::STRING}, :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError, msg)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type(3, {:type => Thrift::Types::STRING}, :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError, msg)
       msg = "Expected Types::STRING, received Fixnum for field foo.element"
       field = {:type => Thrift::Types::LIST, :element => {:type => Thrift::Types::STRING}}
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type([3], field, :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError, msg)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type([3], field, :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError, msg)
       msg = "Expected Types::I32, received NilClass for field foo.element.key"
       field = {:type => Thrift::Types::LIST,
                :element => {:type => Thrift::Types::MAP,
                             :key => {:type => Thrift::Types::I32},
                             :value => {:type => Thrift::Types::I32}}}
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type([{nil => 3}], field, :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError, msg)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type([{nil => 3}], field, :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError, msg)
       msg = "Expected Types::I32, received NilClass for field foo.element.value"
-      lambda { Thrift.check_type([{1 => nil}], field, :foo) }.should raise_error(Thrift::TypeError, msg)
+      expect { Thrift.check_type([{1 => nil}], field, :foo) }.to raise_error(Thrift::TypeError, msg)
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/union_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/union_spec.rb
index 6ad3194..0ce6306 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/union_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/union_spec.rb
@@ -24,85 +24,85 @@
   describe Thrift::Union do
     it "should return nil value in unset union" do
       union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new
-      union.get_set_field.should == nil
-      union.get_value.should == nil
+      expect(union.get_set_field).to eq(nil)
+      expect(union.get_value).to eq(nil)
     end
 
     it "should set a field and be accessible through get_value and the named field accessor" do
       union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new
       union.integer32 = 25
-      union.get_set_field.should == :integer32
-      union.get_value.should == 25
-      union.integer32.should == 25
+      expect(union.get_set_field).to eq(:integer32)
+      expect(union.get_value).to eq(25)
+      expect(union.integer32).to eq(25)
     end
 
     it "should work correctly when instantiated with static field constructors" do
       union = SpecNamespace::My_union.integer32(5)
-      union.get_set_field.should == :integer32
-      union.integer32.should == 5
+      expect(union.get_set_field).to eq(:integer32)
+      expect(union.integer32).to eq(5)
     end
 
     it "should raise for wrong set field" do
       union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new
       union.integer32 = 25
-      lambda { union.some_characters }.should raise_error(RuntimeError, "some_characters is not union's set field.")
+      expect { union.some_characters }.to raise_error(RuntimeError, "some_characters is not union's set field.")
     end
 
     it "should raise for wrong set field when hash initialized and type checking is off" do
       Thrift.type_checking = false
       union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new({incorrect_field: :incorrect})
       example = lambda { Thrift::Serializer.new.serialize(union) }
-      example.should raise_error(RuntimeError, "set_field is not valid for this union!")
+      expect(example).to raise_error(RuntimeError, "set_field is not valid for this union!")
     end
 
     it "should not be equal to nil" do
       union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new
-      union.should_not == nil
+      expect(union).not_to eq(nil)
     end
 
     it "should not be equal with an empty String" do
       union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new
-      union.should_not == ''
+      expect(union).not_to eq('')
     end
 
     it "should not equate two different unions, i32 vs. string" do
       union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:integer32, 25)
       other_union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:some_characters, "blah!")
-      union.should_not == other_union
+      expect(union).not_to eq(other_union)
     end
 
     it "should properly reset setfield and setvalue" do
       union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:integer32, 25)
-      union.get_set_field.should == :integer32
+      expect(union.get_set_field).to eq(:integer32)
       union.some_characters = "blah!"
-      union.get_set_field.should == :some_characters
-      union.get_value.should == "blah!"
-      lambda { union.integer32 }.should raise_error(RuntimeError, "integer32 is not union's set field.")
+      expect(union.get_set_field).to eq(:some_characters)
+      expect(union.get_value).to eq("blah!")
+      expect { union.integer32 }.to raise_error(RuntimeError, "integer32 is not union's set field.")
     end
 
     it "should not equate two different unions with different values" do
       union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:integer32, 25)
       other_union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:integer32, 400)
-      union.should_not == other_union
+      expect(union).not_to eq(other_union)
     end
 
     it "should not equate two different unions with different fields" do
       union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:integer32, 25)
       other_union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:other_i32, 25)
-      union.should_not == other_union
+      expect(union).not_to eq(other_union)
     end
 
     it "should inspect properly" do
       union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:integer32, 25)
-      union.inspect.should == "<SpecNamespace::My_union integer32: 25>"
+      expect(union.inspect).to eq("<SpecNamespace::My_union integer32: 25>")
     end
 
     it "should not allow setting with instance_variable_set" do
       union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:integer32, 27)
       union.instance_variable_set(:@some_characters, "hallo!")
-      union.get_set_field.should == :integer32
-      union.get_value.should == 27
-      lambda { union.some_characters }.should raise_error(RuntimeError, "some_characters is not union's set field.")
+      expect(union.get_set_field).to eq(:integer32)
+      expect(union.get_value).to eq(27)
+      expect { union.some_characters }.to raise_error(RuntimeError, "some_characters is not union's set field.")
     end
 
     it "should serialize to binary correctly" do
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
 
       other_union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:integer32, 25)
       other_union.read(proto)
-      other_union.should == union
+      expect(other_union).to eq(union)
     end
 
     it "should serialize to json correctly" do
@@ -126,24 +126,24 @@
 
       other_union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:integer32, 25)
       other_union.read(proto)
-      other_union.should == union
+      expect(other_union).to eq(union)
     end
 
     it "should raise when validating unset union" do
       union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new
-      lambda { union.validate }.should raise_error(StandardError, "Union fields are not set.")
+      expect { union.validate }.to raise_error(StandardError, "Union fields are not set.")
 
       other_union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:integer32, 1)
-      lambda { other_union.validate }.should_not raise_error(StandardError, "Union fields are not set.")
+      expect { other_union.validate }.not_to raise_error
     end
 
     it "should validate an enum field properly" do
       union = SpecNamespace::TestUnion.new(:enum_field, 3)
-      union.get_set_field.should == :enum_field
-      lambda { union.validate }.should raise_error(Thrift::ProtocolException, "Invalid value of field enum_field!")
+      expect(union.get_set_field).to eq(:enum_field)
+      expect { union.validate }.to raise_error(Thrift::ProtocolException, "Invalid value of field enum_field!")
 
       other_union = SpecNamespace::TestUnion.new(:enum_field, 1)
-      lambda { other_union.validate }.should_not raise_error(Thrift::ProtocolException, "Invalid value of field enum_field!")
+      expect { other_union.validate }.not_to raise_error
     end
 
     it "should properly serialize and match structs with a union" do
@@ -158,37 +158,37 @@
       other_union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:some_characters, "hello there")
       swu2 = SpecNamespace::Struct_with_union.new(:fun_union => other_union)
 
-      swu2.should_not == swu
+      expect(swu2).not_to eq(swu)
 
       swu2.read(proto)
-      swu2.should == swu
+      expect(swu2).to eq(swu)
     end
 
     it "should support old style constructor" do
       union = SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:integer32 => 26)
-      union.get_set_field.should == :integer32
-      union.get_value.should == 26
+      expect(union.get_set_field).to eq(:integer32)
+      expect(union.get_value).to eq(26)
     end
 
     it "should not throw an error when inspected and unset" do
-      lambda{SpecNamespace::TestUnion.new().inspect}.should_not raise_error
+      expect{SpecNamespace::TestUnion.new().inspect}.not_to raise_error
     end
 
     it "should print enum value name when inspected" do
-      SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:some_enum => SpecNamespace::SomeEnum::ONE).inspect.should == "<SpecNamespace::My_union some_enum: ONE (0)>"
+      expect(SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:some_enum => SpecNamespace::SomeEnum::ONE).inspect).to eq("<SpecNamespace::My_union some_enum: ONE (0)>")
 
-      SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:my_map => {SpecNamespace::SomeEnum::ONE => [SpecNamespace::SomeEnum::TWO]}).inspect.should == "<SpecNamespace::My_union my_map: {ONE (0): [TWO (1)]}>"
+      expect(SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:my_map => {SpecNamespace::SomeEnum::ONE => [SpecNamespace::SomeEnum::TWO]}).inspect).to eq("<SpecNamespace::My_union my_map: {ONE (0): [TWO (1)]}>")
     end
 
     it "should offer field? methods" do
-      SpecNamespace::My_union.new.some_enum?.should be_false
-      SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:some_enum => SpecNamespace::SomeEnum::ONE).some_enum?.should be_true
-      SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:im_true => false).im_true?.should be_true
-      SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:im_true => true).im_true?.should be_true
+      expect(SpecNamespace::My_union.new.some_enum?).to be_falsey
+      expect(SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:some_enum => SpecNamespace::SomeEnum::ONE).some_enum?).to be_truthy
+      expect(SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:im_true => false).im_true?).to be_truthy
+      expect(SpecNamespace::My_union.new(:im_true => true).im_true?).to be_truthy
     end
 
     it "should pretty print binary fields" do
-      SpecNamespace::TestUnion.new(:binary_field => "\001\002\003").inspect.should == "<SpecNamespace::TestUnion binary_field: 010203>"
+      expect(SpecNamespace::TestUnion.new(:binary_field => "\001\002\003").inspect).to eq("<SpecNamespace::TestUnion binary_field: 010203>")
     end
 
     it "should be comparable" do
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@
       for y in 0..3
         for x in 0..3
           # puts "#{objs[y].inspect} <=> #{objs[x].inspect} should == #{relationships[y][x]}"
-          (objs[y] <=> objs[x]).should == relationships[y][x]
+          expect(objs[y] <=> objs[x]).to eq(relationships[y][x])
         end
       end
     end
diff --git a/lib/rb/spec/unix_socket_spec.rb b/lib/rb/spec/unix_socket_spec.rb
index 0bea829..8623e95 100644
--- a/lib/rb/spec/unix_socket_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/rb/spec/unix_socket_spec.rb
@@ -26,26 +26,26 @@
     before(:each) do
       @path = '/tmp/thrift_spec_socket'
       @socket = Thrift::UNIXSocket.new(@path)
-      @handle = mock("Handle", :closed? => false)
-      @handle.stub!(:close)
-      ::UNIXSocket.stub!(:new).and_return(@handle)
+      @handle = double("Handle", :closed? => false)
+      allow(@handle).to receive(:close)
+      allow(::UNIXSocket).to receive(:new).and_return(@handle)
     end
 
     it_should_behave_like "a socket"
 
     it "should raise a TransportException when it cannot open a socket" do
-      ::UNIXSocket.should_receive(:new).and_raise(StandardError)
-      lambda { @socket.open }.should raise_error(Thrift::TransportException) { |e| e.type.should == Thrift::TransportException::NOT_OPEN }
+      expect(::UNIXSocket).to receive(:new).and_raise(StandardError)
+      expect { @socket.open }.to raise_error(Thrift::TransportException) { |e| expect(e.type).to eq(Thrift::TransportException::NOT_OPEN) }
     end
 
     it "should accept an optional timeout" do
-      ::UNIXSocket.stub!(:new)
-      Thrift::UNIXSocket.new(@path, 5).timeout.should == 5
+      allow(::UNIXSocket).to receive(:new)
+      expect(Thrift::UNIXSocket.new(@path, 5).timeout).to eq(5)
     end
     
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      ::UNIXSocket.stub!(:new)
-      Thrift::UNIXSocket.new(@path).to_s.should == "domain(#{@path})"
+      allow(::UNIXSocket).to receive(:new)
+      expect(Thrift::UNIXSocket.new(@path).to_s).to eq("domain(#{@path})")
     end
   end
 
@@ -56,61 +56,61 @@
     end
 
     it "should create a handle when calling listen" do
-      UNIXServer.should_receive(:new).with(@path)
+      expect(UNIXServer).to receive(:new).with(@path)
       @socket.listen
     end
 
     it "should create a Thrift::UNIXSocket to wrap accepted sockets" do
-      handle = mock("UNIXServer")
-      UNIXServer.should_receive(:new).with(@path).and_return(handle)
+      handle = double("UNIXServer")
+      expect(UNIXServer).to receive(:new).with(@path).and_return(handle)
       @socket.listen
-      sock = mock("sock")
-      handle.should_receive(:accept).and_return(sock)
-      trans = mock("UNIXSocket")
-      Thrift::UNIXSocket.should_receive(:new).and_return(trans)
-      trans.should_receive(:handle=).with(sock)
-      @socket.accept.should == trans
+      sock = double("sock")
+      expect(handle).to receive(:accept).and_return(sock)
+      trans = double("UNIXSocket")
+      expect(Thrift::UNIXSocket).to receive(:new).and_return(trans)
+      expect(trans).to receive(:handle=).with(sock)
+      expect(@socket.accept).to eq(trans)
     end
 
     it "should close the handle when closed" do
-      handle = mock("UNIXServer", :closed? => false)
-      UNIXServer.should_receive(:new).with(@path).and_return(handle)
+      handle = double("UNIXServer", :closed? => false)
+      expect(UNIXServer).to receive(:new).with(@path).and_return(handle)
       @socket.listen
-      handle.should_receive(:close)
-      File.stub!(:delete)
+      expect(handle).to receive(:close)
+      allow(File).to receive(:delete)
       @socket.close
     end
 
     it "should delete the socket when closed" do
-      handle = mock("UNIXServer", :closed? => false)
-      UNIXServer.should_receive(:new).with(@path).and_return(handle)
+      handle = double("UNIXServer", :closed? => false)
+      expect(UNIXServer).to receive(:new).with(@path).and_return(handle)
       @socket.listen
-      handle.stub!(:close)
-      File.should_receive(:delete).with(@path)
+      allow(handle).to receive(:close)
+      expect(File).to receive(:delete).with(@path)
       @socket.close
     end
 
     it "should return nil when accepting if there is no handle" do
-      @socket.accept.should be_nil
+      expect(@socket.accept).to be_nil
     end
 
     it "should return true for closed? when appropriate" do
-      handle = mock("UNIXServer", :closed? => false)
-      UNIXServer.stub!(:new).and_return(handle)
-      File.stub!(:delete)
+      handle = double("UNIXServer", :closed? => false)
+      allow(UNIXServer).to receive(:new).and_return(handle)
+      allow(File).to receive(:delete)
       @socket.listen
-      @socket.should_not be_closed
-      handle.stub!(:close)
+      expect(@socket).not_to be_closed
+      allow(handle).to receive(:close)
       @socket.close
-      @socket.should be_closed
+      expect(@socket).to be_closed
       @socket.listen
-      @socket.should_not be_closed
-      handle.stub!(:closed?).and_return(true)
-      @socket.should be_closed
+      expect(@socket).not_to be_closed
+      allow(handle).to receive(:closed?).and_return(true)
+      expect(@socket).to be_closed
     end
 
     it "should provide a reasonable to_s" do
-      @socket.to_s.should == "domain(#{@path})"
+      expect(@socket.to_s).to eq("domain(#{@path})")
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/rb/thrift.gemspec b/lib/rb/thrift.gemspec
index 450de5b..fcc344f 100644
--- a/lib/rb/thrift.gemspec
+++ b/lib/rb/thrift.gemspec
@@ -27,11 +27,14 @@
 
   s.require_paths = %w[lib ext]
 
-  s.add_development_dependency 'rspec', ['>= 2.10.0', '< 2.14.0']
-  s.add_development_dependency "rack", "~> 1.5"
-  s.add_development_dependency "rack-test", "< 0.8.0" # until we no longer build on trusty, then "~> 0.8.2"
-  s.add_development_dependency "thin", "~> 1.5"
-  s.add_development_dependency "bundler", "~> 1"
-  s.add_development_dependency 'rake', '~> 10.5'
+  s.add_development_dependency 'bundler',            '~> 1.11'
+  s.add_development_dependency 'pry',                '~> 0.11.3'
+  s.add_development_dependency 'pry-byebug',         '~> 3.6'
+  s.add_development_dependency 'pry-stack_explorer', '~> 0.4.9.2'
+  s.add_development_dependency 'rack',               '~> 2.0'
+  s.add_development_dependency 'rack-test',          '~> 0.8.3'
+  s.add_development_dependency 'rake',               '~> 12.3'
+  s.add_development_dependency 'rspec',              '~> 3.5'
+  s.add_development_dependency 'thin',               '~> 1.7'
 end
 
diff --git a/test/rb/Gemfile b/test/rb/Gemfile
index 58c04aa..4ff0539 100644
--- a/test/rb/Gemfile
+++ b/test/rb/Gemfile
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
 
 require "rubygems"
 
-gem "rack", "~> 1.5.2"
-gem "thin", "~> 1.5.0"
-gem "test-unit"
+gem 'rack', '~> 2.0', '>= 2.0.4'
+gem 'thin', '~> 1.7', '>= 1.7.2'
+gem 'test-unit', '~> 3.2', '>= 3.2.7'