Merge "Reuse mocked body value between tests"
diff --git a/tempest/api/compute/admin/test_simple_tenant_usage.py b/tempest/api/compute/admin/test_simple_tenant_usage.py
index 1c9e5d7..204281c 100644
--- a/tempest/api/compute/admin/test_simple_tenant_usage.py
+++ b/tempest/api/compute/admin/test_simple_tenant_usage.py
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
     def test_list_usage_all_tenants(self):
         # Get usage for all tenants
         tenant_usage = self.adm_client.list_tenant_usages(
-            start=self.start, end=self.end, detailed=int(bool(True)))
+            start=self.start, end=self.end, detailed="1")
         self.assertEqual(len(tenant_usage), 8)
 
     @test.idempotent_id('94135049-a4c5-4934-ad39-08fa7da4f22e')
diff --git a/tempest/api/compute/admin/test_simple_tenant_usage_negative.py b/tempest/api/compute/admin/test_simple_tenant_usage_negative.py
index 934fc31..e9b4ad4 100644
--- a/tempest/api/compute/admin/test_simple_tenant_usage_negative.py
+++ b/tempest/api/compute/admin/test_simple_tenant_usage_negative.py
@@ -66,6 +66,6 @@
         # Get usage for all tenants with non admin user
         params = {'start': self.start,
                   'end': self.end,
-                  'detailed': int(bool(True))}
+                  'detailed': "1"}
         self.assertRaises(lib_exc.Forbidden,
                           self.client.list_tenant_usages, **params)
diff --git a/tempest/api/network/admin/test_quotas.py b/tempest/api/network/admin/test_quotas.py
index cb113a7..63395cc 100644
--- a/tempest/api/network/admin/test_quotas.py
+++ b/tempest/api/network/admin/test_quotas.py
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
 
         # Change quotas for tenant
         quota_set = self.admin_client.update_quotas(tenant_id,
-                                                    **new_quotas)
+                                                    **new_quotas)['quota']
         self.addCleanup(self.admin_client.reset_quotas, tenant_id)
         for key, value in six.iteritems(new_quotas):
             self.assertEqual(value, quota_set[key])
diff --git a/tempest/api/volume/admin/test_volumes_backup.py b/tempest/api/volume/admin/test_volumes_backup.py
index 2c545a7..8015c35 100644
--- a/tempest/api/volume/admin/test_volumes_backup.py
+++ b/tempest/api/volume/admin/test_volumes_backup.py
@@ -38,6 +38,10 @@
 
         cls.volume = cls.create_volume()
 
+    def _delete_backup(self, backup_id):
+        self.backups_adm_client.delete_backup(backup_id)
+        self.backups_adm_client.wait_for_backup_deletion(backup_id)
+
     @test.idempotent_id('a66eb488-8ee1-47d4-8e9f-575a095728c6')
     def test_volume_backup_create_get_detailed_list_restore_delete(self):
         # Create backup
@@ -74,6 +78,52 @@
         self.admin_volume_client.wait_for_volume_status(
             restore['volume_id'], 'available')
 
+    @test.idempotent_id('a99c54a1-dd80-4724-8a13-13bf58d4068d')
+    def test_volume_backup_export_import(self):
+        # Create backup
+        backup_name = data_utils.rand_name('Backup')
+        backup = self.backups_adm_client.create_backup(self.volume['id'],
+                                                       name=backup_name)
+        self.addCleanup(self._delete_backup, backup['id'])
+        self.assertEqual(backup_name, backup['name'])
+        self.backups_adm_client.wait_for_backup_status(backup['id'],
+                                                       'available')
+
+        # Export Backup
+        export_backup = self.backups_adm_client.export_backup(backup['id'])
+        self.assertIn('backup_service', export_backup)
+        self.assertIn('backup_url', export_backup)
+        self.assertTrue(export_backup['backup_service'].startswith(
+                        'cinder.backup.drivers'))
+        self.assertIsNotNone(export_backup['backup_url'])
+
+        # Import Backup
+        import_backup = self.backups_adm_client.import_backup(
+            backup_service=export_backup['backup_service'],
+            backup_url=export_backup['backup_url'])
+        self.addCleanup(self._delete_backup, import_backup['id'])
+        self.assertIn("id", import_backup)
+        self.backups_adm_client.wait_for_backup_status(import_backup['id'],
+                                                       'available')
+
+        # Verify Import Backup
+        backups = self.backups_adm_client.list_backups(detail=True)
+        self.assertIn(import_backup['id'], [b['id'] for b in backups])
+
+        # Restore backup
+        restore = self.backups_adm_client.restore_backup(import_backup['id'])
+        self.addCleanup(self.admin_volume_client.delete_volume,
+                        restore['volume_id'])
+        self.assertEqual(import_backup['id'], restore['backup_id'])
+        self.admin_volume_client.wait_for_volume_status(restore['volume_id'],
+                                                        'available')
+
+        # Verify if restored volume is there in volume list
+        volumes = self.admin_volume_client.list_volumes()
+        self.assertIn(restore['volume_id'], [v['id'] for v in volumes])
+        self.backups_adm_client.wait_for_backup_status(import_backup['id'],
+                                                       'available')
+
 
 class VolumesBackupsV1Test(VolumesBackupsV2Test):
     _api_version = 1
diff --git a/tempest/api_schema/response/compute/v2_1/migrations.py b/tempest/api_schema/response/compute/v2_1/migrations.py
index 722372c..b7d66ea 100644
--- a/tempest/api_schema/response/compute/v2_1/migrations.py
+++ b/tempest/api_schema/response/compute/v2_1/migrations.py
@@ -23,15 +23,15 @@
                     'type': 'object',
                     'properties': {
                         'id': {'type': 'integer'},
-                        'status': {'type': 'string'},
-                        'instance_uuid': {'type': 'string'},
-                        'source_node': {'type': 'string'},
-                        'source_compute': {'type': 'string'},
-                        'dest_node': {'type': 'string'},
-                        'dest_compute': {'type': 'string'},
-                        'dest_host': {'type': 'string'},
-                        'old_instance_type_id': {'type': 'integer'},
-                        'new_instance_type_id': {'type': 'integer'},
+                        'status': {'type': ['string', 'null']},
+                        'instance_uuid': {'type': ['string', 'null']},
+                        'source_node': {'type': ['string', 'null']},
+                        'source_compute': {'type': ['string', 'null']},
+                        'dest_node': {'type': ['string', 'null']},
+                        'dest_compute': {'type': ['string', 'null']},
+                        'dest_host': {'type': ['string', 'null']},
+                        'old_instance_type_id': {'type': ['integer', 'null']},
+                        'new_instance_type_id': {'type': ['integer', 'null']},
                         'created_at': {'type': 'string'},
                         'updated_at': {'type': ['string', 'null']}
                     },
diff --git a/tempest/common/accounts.py b/tempest/common/accounts.py
index 650faf1..78e0e72 100644
--- a/tempest/common/accounts.py
+++ b/tempest/common/accounts.py
@@ -31,8 +31,8 @@
 
 
 def read_accounts_yaml(path):
-    yaml_file = open(path, 'r')
-    accounts = yaml.load(yaml_file)
+    with open(path, 'r') as yaml_file:
+        accounts = yaml.load(yaml_file)
     return accounts
 
 
diff --git a/tempest/services/network/json/network_client.py b/tempest/services/network/json/network_client.py
index 65f3aa7..ce200d2 100644
--- a/tempest/services/network/json/network_client.py
+++ b/tempest/services/network/json/network_client.py
@@ -39,46 +39,12 @@
     version = '2.0'
     uri_prefix = "v2.0"
 
-    def get_uri(self, plural_name):
-        # get service prefix from resource name
-
-        # the following map is used to construct proper URI
-        # for the given neutron resource
-        service_resource_prefix_map = {
-            'networks': '',
-            'subnets': '',
-            'ports': '',
-            'metering_labels': 'metering',
-            'metering_label_rules': 'metering',
-        }
-        service_prefix = service_resource_prefix_map.get(
-            plural_name)
-        plural_name = plural_name.replace("_", "-")
-        if service_prefix:
-            uri = '%s/%s/%s' % (self.uri_prefix, service_prefix,
-                                plural_name)
-        else:
-            uri = '%s/%s' % (self.uri_prefix, plural_name)
-        return uri
-
-    def pluralize(self, resource_name):
-        # get plural from map or just add 's'
-
-        # map from resource name to a plural name
-        # needed only for those which can't be constructed as name + 's'
-        resource_plural_map = {
-            'security_groups': 'security_groups',
-            'security_group_rules': 'security_group_rules',
-            'quotas': 'quotas',
-        }
-        return resource_plural_map.get(resource_name, resource_name + 's')
-
     def _list_resources(self, uri, **filters):
         req_uri = self.uri_prefix + uri
         if filters:
             req_uri += '?' + urllib.urlencode(filters, doseq=1)
         resp, body = self.get(req_uri)
-        body = self.deserialize_list(body)
+        body = json.loads(body)
         self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
         return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
 
@@ -96,23 +62,23 @@
         if fields:
             req_uri += '?' + urllib.urlencode(fields, doseq=1)
         resp, body = self.get(req_uri)
-        body = self.deserialize_single(body)
+        body = json.loads(body)
         self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
         return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
 
     def _create_resource(self, uri, post_data):
         req_uri = self.uri_prefix + uri
-        req_post_data = self.serialize(post_data)
+        req_post_data = json.dumps(post_data)
         resp, body = self.post(req_uri, req_post_data)
-        body = self.deserialize_single(body)
+        body = json.loads(body)
         self.expected_success(201, resp.status)
         return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
 
     def _update_resource(self, uri, post_data):
         req_uri = self.uri_prefix + uri
-        req_post_data = self.serialize(post_data)
+        req_post_data = json.dumps(post_data)
         resp, body = self.put(req_uri, req_post_data)
-        body = self.deserialize_single(body)
+        body = json.loads(body)
         self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
         return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
 
@@ -285,34 +251,21 @@
         uri = '/extensions'
         return self._list_resources(uri, **filters)
 
-    # Common methods that are hard to automate
     def create_bulk_network(self, names):
         network_list = [{'name': name} for name in names]
         post_data = {'networks': network_list}
-        body = self.serialize_list(post_data, "networks", "network")
-        uri = self.get_uri("networks")
-        resp, body = self.post(uri, body)
-        body = self.deserialize_list(body)
-        self.expected_success(201, resp.status)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        uri = '/networks'
+        return self._create_resource(uri, post_data)
 
     def create_bulk_subnet(self, subnet_list):
         post_data = {'subnets': subnet_list}
-        body = self.serialize_list(post_data, 'subnets', 'subnet')
-        uri = self.get_uri('subnets')
-        resp, body = self.post(uri, body)
-        body = self.deserialize_list(body)
-        self.expected_success(201, resp.status)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        uri = '/subnets'
+        return self._create_resource(uri, post_data)
 
     def create_bulk_port(self, port_list):
         post_data = {'ports': port_list}
-        body = self.serialize_list(post_data, 'ports', 'port')
-        uri = self.get_uri('ports')
-        resp, body = self.post(uri, body)
-        body = self.deserialize_list(body)
-        self.expected_success(201, resp.status)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        uri = '/ports'
+        return self._create_resource(uri, post_data)
 
     def wait_for_resource_deletion(self, resource_type, id):
         """Waits for a resource to be deleted."""
@@ -371,32 +324,14 @@
             message = '(%s) %s' % (caller, message)
         raise exceptions.TimeoutException(message)
 
-    def deserialize_single(self, body):
-        return json.loads(body)
-
-    def deserialize_list(self, body):
-        return json.loads(body)
-
-    def serialize(self, data):
-        return json.dumps(data)
-
-    def serialize_list(self, data, root=None, item=None):
-        return self.serialize(data)
-
     def update_quotas(self, tenant_id, **kwargs):
         put_body = {'quota': kwargs}
-        body = json.dumps(put_body)
-        uri = '%s/quotas/%s' % (self.uri_prefix, tenant_id)
-        resp, body = self.put(uri, body)
-        self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
-        body = json.loads(body)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body['quota'])
+        uri = '/quotas/%s' % tenant_id
+        return self._update_resource(uri, put_body)
 
     def reset_quotas(self, tenant_id):
-        uri = '%s/quotas/%s' % (self.uri_prefix, tenant_id)
-        resp, body = self.delete(uri)
-        self.expected_success(204, resp.status)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        uri = '/quotas/%s' % tenant_id
+        return self._delete_resource(uri)
 
     def show_quotas(self, tenant_id, **fields):
         uri = '/quotas/%s' % tenant_id
@@ -410,18 +345,12 @@
         post_body = {'router': kwargs}
         post_body['router']['name'] = name
         post_body['router']['admin_state_up'] = admin_state_up
-        body = json.dumps(post_body)
-        uri = '%s/routers' % (self.uri_prefix)
-        resp, body = self.post(uri, body)
-        self.expected_success(201, resp.status)
-        body = json.loads(body)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        uri = '/routers'
+        return self._create_resource(uri, post_body)
 
     def _update_router(self, router_id, set_enable_snat, **kwargs):
-        uri = '%s/routers/%s' % (self.uri_prefix, router_id)
-        resp, body = self.get(uri)
-        self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
-        body = json.loads(body)
+        uri = '/routers/%s' % router_id
+        body = self._show_resource(uri)
         update_body = {}
         update_body['name'] = kwargs.get('name', body['router']['name'])
         update_body['admin_state_up'] = kwargs.get(
@@ -440,11 +369,7 @@
         if 'distributed' in kwargs:
             update_body['distributed'] = kwargs['distributed']
         update_body = dict(router=update_body)
-        update_body = json.dumps(update_body)
-        resp, body = self.put(uri, update_body)
-        self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
-        body = json.loads(body)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        return self._update_resource(uri, update_body)
 
     def update_router(self, router_id, **kwargs):
         """Update a router leaving enable_snat to its default value."""
@@ -476,64 +401,37 @@
         return self._update_router(router_id, set_enable_snat=True, **kwargs)
 
     def add_router_interface_with_subnet_id(self, router_id, subnet_id):
-        uri = '%s/routers/%s/add_router_interface' % (self.uri_prefix,
-                                                      router_id)
+        uri = '/routers/%s/add_router_interface' % router_id
         update_body = {"subnet_id": subnet_id}
-        update_body = json.dumps(update_body)
-        resp, body = self.put(uri, update_body)
-        self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
-        body = json.loads(body)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        return self._update_resource(uri, update_body)
 
     def add_router_interface_with_port_id(self, router_id, port_id):
-        uri = '%s/routers/%s/add_router_interface' % (self.uri_prefix,
-                                                      router_id)
+        uri = '/routers/%s/add_router_interface' % router_id
         update_body = {"port_id": port_id}
-        update_body = json.dumps(update_body)
-        resp, body = self.put(uri, update_body)
-        self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
-        body = json.loads(body)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        return self._update_resource(uri, update_body)
 
     def remove_router_interface_with_subnet_id(self, router_id, subnet_id):
-        uri = '%s/routers/%s/remove_router_interface' % (self.uri_prefix,
-                                                         router_id)
+        uri = '/routers/%s/remove_router_interface' % router_id
         update_body = {"subnet_id": subnet_id}
-        update_body = json.dumps(update_body)
-        resp, body = self.put(uri, update_body)
-        self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
-        body = json.loads(body)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        return self._update_resource(uri, update_body)
 
     def remove_router_interface_with_port_id(self, router_id, port_id):
-        uri = '%s/routers/%s/remove_router_interface' % (self.uri_prefix,
-                                                         router_id)
+        uri = '/routers/%s/remove_router_interface' % router_id
         update_body = {"port_id": port_id}
-        update_body = json.dumps(update_body)
-        resp, body = self.put(uri, update_body)
-        self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
-        body = json.loads(body)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        return self._update_resource(uri, update_body)
 
     def list_router_interfaces(self, uuid):
-        uri = '%s/ports?device_id=%s' % (self.uri_prefix, uuid)
-        resp, body = self.get(uri)
-        self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
-        body = json.loads(body)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        uri = '/ports?device_id=%s' % uuid
+        return self._list_resources(uri)
 
     def update_agent(self, agent_id, agent_info):
         """
         :param agent_info: Agent update information.
         E.g {"admin_state_up": True}
         """
-        uri = '%s/agents/%s' % (self.uri_prefix, agent_id)
+        uri = '/agents/%s' % agent_id
         agent = {"agent": agent_info}
-        body = json.dumps(agent)
-        resp, body = self.put(uri, body)
-        self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
-        body = json.loads(body)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        return self._update_resource(uri, agent)
 
     def show_agent(self, agent_id, **fields):
         uri = '/agents/%s' % agent_id
@@ -544,88 +442,54 @@
         return self._list_resources(uri, **filters)
 
     def list_routers_on_l3_agent(self, agent_id):
-        uri = '%s/agents/%s/l3-routers' % (self.uri_prefix, agent_id)
-        resp, body = self.get(uri)
-        self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
-        body = json.loads(body)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        uri = '/agents/%s/l3-routers' % agent_id
+        return self._list_resources(uri)
 
     def list_l3_agents_hosting_router(self, router_id):
-        uri = '%s/routers/%s/l3-agents' % (self.uri_prefix, router_id)
-        resp, body = self.get(uri)
-        self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
-        body = json.loads(body)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        uri = '/routers/%s/l3-agents' % router_id
+        return self._list_resources(uri)
 
     def add_router_to_l3_agent(self, agent_id, router_id):
-        uri = '%s/agents/%s/l3-routers' % (self.uri_prefix, agent_id)
+        uri = '/agents/%s/l3-routers' % agent_id
         post_body = {"router_id": router_id}
-        body = json.dumps(post_body)
-        resp, body = self.post(uri, body)
-        self.expected_success(201, resp.status)
-        body = json.loads(body)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        return self._create_resource(uri, post_body)
 
     def remove_router_from_l3_agent(self, agent_id, router_id):
-        uri = '%s/agents/%s/l3-routers/%s' % (
-            self.uri_prefix, agent_id, router_id)
-        resp, body = self.delete(uri)
-        self.expected_success(204, resp.status)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        uri = '/agents/%s/l3-routers/%s' % (agent_id, router_id)
+        return self._delete_resource(uri)
 
     def list_dhcp_agent_hosting_network(self, network_id):
-        uri = '%s/networks/%s/dhcp-agents' % (self.uri_prefix, network_id)
-        resp, body = self.get(uri)
-        self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
-        body = json.loads(body)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        uri = '/networks/%s/dhcp-agents' % network_id
+        return self._list_resources(uri)
 
     def list_networks_hosted_by_one_dhcp_agent(self, agent_id):
-        uri = '%s/agents/%s/dhcp-networks' % (self.uri_prefix, agent_id)
-        resp, body = self.get(uri)
-        self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
-        body = json.loads(body)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        uri = '/agents/%s/dhcp-networks' % agent_id
+        return self._list_resources(uri)
 
     def remove_network_from_dhcp_agent(self, agent_id, network_id):
-        uri = '%s/agents/%s/dhcp-networks/%s' % (self.uri_prefix, agent_id,
-                                                 network_id)
-        resp, body = self.delete(uri)
-        self.expected_success(204, resp.status)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        uri = '/agents/%s/dhcp-networks/%s' % (agent_id,
+                                               network_id)
+        return self._delete_resource(uri)
 
     def update_extra_routes(self, router_id, routes):
-        uri = '%s/routers/%s' % (self.uri_prefix, router_id)
+        uri = '/routers/%s' % router_id
         put_body = {
             'router': {
                 'routes': routes
             }
         }
-        body = json.dumps(put_body)
-        resp, body = self.put(uri, body)
-        self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
-        body = json.loads(body)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        return self._update_resource(uri, put_body)
 
     def delete_extra_routes(self, router_id):
-        uri = '%s/routers/%s' % (self.uri_prefix, router_id)
-        null_routes = None
+        uri = '/routers/%s' % router_id
         put_body = {
             'router': {
-                'routes': null_routes
+                'routes': None
             }
         }
-        body = json.dumps(put_body)
-        resp, body = self.put(uri, body)
-        self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
-        body = json.loads(body)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        return self._update_resource(uri, put_body)
 
     def add_dhcp_agent_to_network(self, agent_id, network_id):
         post_body = {'network_id': network_id}
-        body = json.dumps(post_body)
-        uri = '%s/agents/%s/dhcp-networks' % (self.uri_prefix, agent_id)
-        resp, body = self.post(uri, body)
-        self.expected_success(201, resp.status)
-        body = json.loads(body)
-        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body)
+        uri = '/agents/%s/dhcp-networks' % agent_id
+        return self._create_resource(uri, post_body)
diff --git a/tempest/services/volume/json/backups_client.py b/tempest/services/volume/json/backups_client.py
index 0f83b8d..8d34230 100644
--- a/tempest/services/volume/json/backups_client.py
+++ b/tempest/services/volume/json/backups_client.py
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 
 from oslo_serialization import jsonutils as json
 
+from tempest_lib import exceptions as lib_exc
+
 from tempest.common import service_client
 from tempest import exceptions
 
@@ -75,6 +77,24 @@
         self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
         return service_client.ResponseBodyList(resp, body['backups'])
 
+    def export_backup(self, backup_id):
+        """Export backup metadata record."""
+        url = "backups/%s/export_record" % backup_id
+        resp, body = self.get(url)
+        body = json.loads(body)
+        self.expected_success(200, resp.status)
+        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body['backup-record'])
+
+    def import_backup(self, backup_service, backup_url):
+        """Import backup metadata record."""
+        post_body = {'backup_service': backup_service,
+                     'backup_url': backup_url}
+        post_body = json.dumps({'backup-record': post_body})
+        resp, body = self.post("backups/import_record", post_body)
+        body = json.loads(body)
+        self.expected_success(201, resp.status)
+        return service_client.ResponseBody(resp, body['backup'])
+
     def wait_for_backup_status(self, backup_id, status):
         """Waits for a Backup to reach a given status."""
         body = self.show_backup(backup_id)
@@ -95,6 +115,18 @@
                             self.build_timeout))
                 raise exceptions.TimeoutException(message)
 
+    def wait_for_backup_deletion(self, backup_id):
+        """Waits for backup deletion"""
+        start_time = int(time.time())
+        while True:
+            try:
+                self.show_backup(backup_id)
+            except lib_exc.NotFound:
+                return
+            if int(time.time()) - start_time >= self.build_timeout:
+                raise exceptions.TimeoutException
+            time.sleep(self.build_interval)
+
 
 class BackupsClient(BaseBackupsClient):
     """Volume V1 Backups client"""
diff --git a/tempest/test.py b/tempest/test.py
index 0e60041..df6b30d 100644
--- a/tempest/test.py
+++ b/tempest/test.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
 
 
 def attr(**kwargs):
-    """A decorator which applies the  testtools attr decorator
+    """A decorator which applies the testtools attr decorator
 
     This decorator applies the testtools.testcase.attr if it is in the list of
     attributes to testtools we want to apply.